Advances in Psychology
Vol.06 No.03(2016), Article ID:17194,6 pages
10.12677/AP.2016.63039

Positive Effects and Influence Factors of Retirement Planning

Hongli Liu, Yuanhua Fang, Lin Yu

Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing

Received: Mar. 3rd, 2016; accepted: Mar. 21st, 2016; published: Mar. 24th, 2016

Copyright © 2016 by authors and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

ABSTRACT

Retirement planning can alleviate the pressure of the public resources which is result of the growth of retired population, and has positive effects on retired workers, but it doesn’t cause enough attention. Therefore, in order to appeal the attention of policymakers and retired workers to help retired workers make retirement plans, this article analyzed and summarized on the positive effects and influence factors of retirement planning. The results showed that, retirement planning had positive effects on life satisfaction, mental health, retirement confidence, retirement adaptation. We also found that the main influence factors of retirement planning included: age, gender, family member, financial situation, education in demographic variable; control point, future time perspective, retirement confidence, attitude towards retirement, retired expectations in psychological variable; and the pension security system, whether voluntary retirement.

Keywords:Retirement Planning, Influencing Factor, Positive Effect

退休规划的积极影响及影响因素

刘泓利,方远华,余林

西南大学心理学部,重庆

收稿日期:2016年3月3日;录用日期:2016年3月21日;发布日期:2016年3月24日

摘 要

退休规划可以缓解退休人口增加给公共资源带来的压力,同时对退休职工也具有积极的作用,但其本身并未引起足够的重视。因此本文对退休规划的积极作用以及影响因素进行了分析和总结,以期引起政策制定者以及退休职工的重视,以帮助退休职工进行退休规划实践。研究发现,退休规划对生活满意度、心理健康、退休自信心和退休适应具有积极的作用,另外,退休规划的影响因素主要有:人口统计学变量中的年龄、性别、家庭成员、经济状况、受教育程度,心理变量中的控制点、未来时间洞察力、退休自信心、退休态度、退休期望,以及退休金保障制度、是否自愿退休。

关键词 :退休规划,影响因素,积极影响

1. 引言

国家统计局公布数据显示,截止到2014年底,中国60岁以上的老人占到总人口的15.5%,达到了2.12亿 (国家统计局,2014) 。据预测,2050全世界老年人口将达到20.2亿,其中中国老年人口将达到4.8亿,几乎占全球老年人口的四分之一,是世界上老年人口最多的国家。而这些老年人口相当一部分是退休职工,退休职工的增加将会对社会安全系统以及公共医疗等系统造成负担,但有研究发现,进行退休规划可以有效缓解退休人口增加给公共资源带来的压力 (Elder & Rudolph, 1999; Reitzes & Mutran, 2004)

另外,退休职工在退休转变过程中会出现许多困难,如何保证退休群体能够平稳度过适应期以及保证其退休后的生活质量成为一个重大的问题。大量研究证实退休规划会产生一些积极的影响,包括良好的健康水平,更高的生活满意度,更高的主观幸福感,更好的退休适应和退休自信等,从而使得个体更好的适应退休后的生活 (Schellenberg, Turcotte, & Ram, 2005; Zhu-Sams, 2004) 。因此,强调规划的积极作用并探究退休规划的影响因素,具有非常重要的现实意义。

2. 退休规划的积极影响

退休规划(Retirement Planning)是一个包括一系列认知阶段及相应退休规划行为的过程 (Bock, Zmud, Kim, & Lee, 2005) ,即个体在退休前,为更好的适应退休保证退休后生活质量,从经济方面储蓄、从生活方式上发展适合退休后生活的休闲活动、从心理上提前进入角色等方面提前为退休进行准备 (Muratore & Earl, 2010) 。退休规划的主要组成部分包括经济、健康、生活方式和心理规划 (Lee &Law, 2004; Petkoska & Earl, 2009) ,但目前退休规划的研究还是集中于经济方面 (Panis, 2003; Petkoska & Earl, 2009) ,但除了经济之外身体健康、休闲活动等影响退休适应和幸福感的因素也需要得到关注 (Kim & Feldman, 2000) 。大量研究证实退休规划可以导致积极的结果,包括良好的健康水平,更高的生活满意度,更高的主观幸福感,更好的退休适应和退休自信等 (Schellenberg et al., 2005; Zhu-Sams, 2004)

首先,个体退休后的生活满意度是退休规划产生的最主要的积极影响。大量研究指出,个体在经济、心理等各方面进行退休规划,能提高个体退休后的生活满意度 (Noone, O’Loughlin, & Kendig, 2013; Noone, Stephens, & Alpass, 2009) 。如有研究者发现,在控制收入、婚姻质量和其他人口统计学变量的情况下,那些对退休做了充足准备的人报告了更高的生活满意水平 (Reitzes & Mutran, 2004; Zhu-Sams, 2004) 。Hershey等人进一步提出,退休规划中的明确目标是退休后生活满意度的决定性因素 (Hershey, Jacobs-Lawson, & Neukam, 2002) ,这与Irving的研究结论一致 (Irving, 2012)

其次,有研究者报告,退休规划是退休自信心的重要预测因素,同时也是退休适应的决定性因素,成功的退休规划有助于个体平稳度过退休适应期 (Hershey et al., 2002; Jinhee Kim, Kwon, & Anderson, 2005; Yeung, 2013) 。无论是生活满意度的提高,或是退休自信心的增加,或是良好的退休适应,均有助于个体的心理健康水平。Noone等人也证实了上述观点,他发现个体在经济上和心理上为退休做准备,在退休后会具有更高的自评健康水平(Noone et al., 2009);同时,Fretz等人的研究也发现,退休规划与退休后较低的焦虑、抑郁水平相关 (Fretz, Kluge, Ossana, Jones, & Merikangas, 1989)

3. 退休规划影响因素

现有研究已经证实人口统计学、心理因素等对退休者的经济和非经济规划都有重要影响 (Noone et al., 2009) 。另外,国家的退休金保障制度和政策、个体是否自愿退休度都会影响退休职工的退休规划。

3.1. 人口统计学变量

人口统计学变量包括年龄、性别、家庭成员、经济状况、受教育程度等都与退休规划相关,尤其经济规划 (Noone et al., 2009; Petkoska & Earl, 2009)

年龄会对退休规划产生影响 (Hershey, Jacobs-Lawson, McArdle, & Hamagami, 2007) 。Lee和Law认为,年龄50岁及以上的个体会更多考虑有关退休的事宜 (Lee & Law, 2004) 。有研究发现越接近退休年龄,职工对参与退休规划的积极性越强,无论是正式的还是非正式的规划 (Ekerdt, Kosloski, & DeViney, 2000) 。另外,Phua和McNally的研究发现,相对年老男性,年轻男性为退休做储蓄的可能性更小,同时,在对退休前规划和退休经济规划的认识有较大的个体差异,而年老男性对这两方面的认识更趋一致 (Phua & McNally, 2008)

许多研究发现男女在退休规划上存在明显的差别 (Glass Jr. & Kilpatrick, 1998; Hershey et al., 2002) 。例如,Glass和Kilpatrick指出,相对女性,男性拥有更多的退休储蓄以及相应的投资 (Glass Jr. & Kilpatrick, 1998) 。Hershey等人发现男性会具有更为具体的特定的退休目标,而女性具有更为一般和抽象的目标,比如快乐 (Hershey et al., 2002) 。但也有研究者提出,男女在退休规划上并不存在的上述差异 (Olsberg, 2005) 。例如,有研究者发现,男女在退休准备上并不存在显著差异 (Noone et al., 2013) ,这与Hershey等人的研究结果一致:在经济准备的储蓄水平上未出现性别差异 (Hershey et al., 2007) 。因此,对于性别因素在退休规划中的作用需要进一步的研究加以证实。

与家庭成员或其他成员谈论退休规划,使得个体在心理上对职业的终结认知程度更高 (Atchley, 1976) 。但有关退休规划的研究较少涉及家庭,主要涉及伴侣。如有研究发现,香港的老人不再依靠家人来进行退休规划和提供退休后的支持 (Lee & Law, 2004) 。而Lusardi 和Mitchell研究发现,相对于结婚或有同居生活的个体,没有伴侣的个体为退休经济准备较少 (Lusardi & Mitchell, 2007) 。类似的,Davis的研究发现对于那些没有伴侣的个体心理规划的水平同样也很低 (Davis, 2007)

许多研究证实家庭收入与退休后经济准备相关 (Lusardi & Mitchell, 2007; Moen, Sweet, & Swisher, 2005) 。如有研究者发现,高收入个体对未来具有更清晰的目标,更有可能为退休储蓄更多 (Jacobs-Lawson & Hershey, 2005) 。Lee和Law发现,个体收入极大的影响个体对退休规划的感知 (Lee & Law, 2004) ,高收入的个体认为他们为退休做了充足的经济准备,期待退休后过上满意的生活。而Taylor和Geldhauser关于低收入年老职工的研究发现,来自收入较低的年老职工群体,参与正式和非正式退休规划的可能性更低 (Taylor & Geldhauser, 2007)

另外,受教育程度也对会对退休规划产生影响 (Lee, 2003; Schellenberg et al., 2005) 。如有研究者发现,受教育程度越高的个体掌握的金融知识越多,进行退休规划的比例越高,并且成功进行规划的比例也越高 (Lusardi & Mitchell, 2005)

3.2. 心理变量

控制点指当人们面对问题时,在大多数情况下,如果认为是自己可以控制事情的发展,那么他就是一个内控的人,如果认为影响事情发展的主要是外界因素,那么他就是一个外控的人。研究证实控制点与退休规划之间存在相关关系 (McKenna & Nickols, 1986; Moen, Huang, Plassmann, & Dentinger, 2006) 。例如,Mckenna和Nicols发现在控制家庭收入、职业、年龄和经济危机的情况下,控制点可预测退休的经济规划水平 (McKenna & Nickols, 1986) 。Moen等人发现感知到的控制与退休经济、生活方式规划正相关 (Moen et al., 2006) 。那些不相信现在的行为可以导致良好结果的个体,即外控的人很少进行规划,因为他们认为这是没有用的,反之,内控的人则积极地进行退休规划 (Skinner, 1997)

未来时间洞察力(future time perspective, FTP)主要是指个体对自我发展可能性的认知、情感和行为倾向,它与经济规划、经济目标的设定之间存在积极关系 (Hershey et al., 2007; Topa, Moriano, Depolo, Alcover, & Morales, 2009) ,那些指向未来的个体更可能为未来退休做规划。例如,Hershey和Mowen指出在控制金融知识和感知到退休的重要性的情况下,未来时间洞察力对经济准备有一个中介调节作用 (Hershey & Mowen, 2000) 。Hershey等人发现未来时间洞察力、退休目标清晰度在统计学变量(如年龄、性别和收入等)和个体的储蓄行为间存在调节作用 (Hershey et al., 2007)

退休自信心、态度和期望与退休规划的关系已经被广泛的进行研究 (Joo & Grable, 2001; Joo & Pauwels, 2002; Kim et al., 2005; Topa et al., 2009) 。Joo和Pauwels在对影响退休自信心的研究中发现,个体进行储蓄、接受雇主提供的经济知识教育和对退休的低厌恶水平会拥有较高的自信心水平 (Joo & Pauwels, 2002) 。Kim与Moen指出,对退休不适当的态度与退休规划的缺乏相关并且不能有效获取关于退休规划的相关信息,这反过来导致对退休的不适应 (Kim & Moen, 2001)

3.3. 退休金保障制度以及是否自愿退休

养老金和储蓄发生变化,也会对退休规划产生影响。养老金计划按照筹资和运作模式可分为确定缴费计划(DC计划)和给付确定计划(DB计划)。以企业职工为例,DC计划,即首先确定缴费水平,由企业和职工按规定比例出资,计入个人账户,职工承担投资风险;DB计划,即企业根据将来需要支出的养老金来确定企业现在应该缴纳的企业养老保险费用,企业承担投资风险。

我国企业年金将主要采用DC计划,在美国DC计划也已经逐渐取代传统的固定福利DB计划,从1980到2008年,在私营部门的职工参加DB计划的从38%下降到20%,然而参加DC计划的却从8%上升到31% (Iams, Butrica, Smith, & Toder, 2009) ,这种变化会导致确保家庭收入的任务从雇主转向了,这对退休规划产生影响。例如,Hershey等人发现,相对于美国工人,荷兰工人较少参与退休规划,这与两国不同的养老金政策息息相关 (Hershey et al., 2007)

最后,许多研究已经证实非自愿退休的个体相对于自愿退休的个体为退休准备较少 (Elder & Rudolph, 1999; Wong & Earl, 2009) ,因为他们没有充足的时间来进行退休经济规划或者考虑他们在退休后从事什么,而自愿退休的个体则会对退休后的生活进行规划,提早为退休做好准备 (Kemp, Rosenthal, & Denton, 2005)

4. 展望

退休规划对退休职工生活满意度、心理健康、退休自信心以及退休适应等都具有积极的作用。虽然退休规划有许多的影响因素,但退休规划是一件实践性较强的事情,国家或企业可以设置一些退休规划教育的机构,让其以讲座、座谈会等形式去督促个体进行退休规划教育实践。或是创办一些退休社团组织,一方面可让社员可以一起探讨来进行退休规划的制定,互帮互助共同适应退休后生活,另一方面也增加退休职工的归属感和依附感。

随着我国进入老龄化社会,国家层面也出台了相应的养老社会保险制度,有人认为有了养老保险或退休金则养老无虞,有许多退休职工在制定退休规划时,也较多时考虑到经济规划,而忽略了健康、生活方式以及心理层面上的一些准备和规划。年老后身体状况每况愈下,如何去制定一些身体锻炼上的规划?退休后,不再需要去工作了,休闲时间要如何度过?以及年老后可能会面对与社会脱节、与子女后代观点不符合等问题,心理上要如何去疏通理解?上述生活各方面的问题也非常重要,应列入退休规划的考虑范畴之类,才能进行更加完善的退休规划,才能更好地适应退休后的生活。

文章引用

刘泓利,方远华,余 林. 退休规划的积极影响及影响因素
Positive Effects and Influence Factors of Retirement Planning[J]. 心理学进展, 2016, 06(03): 299-304. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/AP.2016.63039

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