Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol.
12
No.
12
(
2022
), Article ID:
59212
,
7
pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.12121626
沙库巴曲缬沙坦治疗心衰合并缺血性脑卒中 日常生活能力的疗效观察
吴祎祎1*,张继东2#
1青岛大学附属威海市立第二医院心内科,山东 威海
2青岛大学附属医院市南院区心血管内科,山东 青岛
收稿日期:2022年11月14日;录用日期:2022年12月8日;发布日期:2022年12月16日
摘要
目的:分析沙库巴曲缬沙坦(ARNI)治疗射血分数减低心衰合并缺血性脑卒中的日常生活能力(ADL)疗效。方法:观察性分析自2020年10月~2021年10月青岛大学附属威海市立二院收治的射血分数减低心功能不全合并缺血性脑卒中日常生活能力轻中度依赖的120例患者的临床资料相关数据,按照治疗差异(是否服用ARNI)将120例患者分为对照组与观察组,每组各60例,收集两组患者6个月门诊随访结果,记录每回复诊的临床数据。对照组收取常规的简单的治疗方式治疗的患者的相关指标结果,观察组收取选用常规的药物治疗方式加用沙库巴曲缬沙坦治疗的相关指标结果,分析两组患者卒中再入院率及ADL复原情况(Barthel指数)、治疗的总有效率、治疗前后心功能相关具体指标、治疗前后实验室指标、治疗后的不良反应发生率等。结果:分析收取的相关资料实际数据,统计研究结果说明,治疗前后两组患者卒中再入院率低于对照组,日常生活能力指标(Barthel指数)恢复状况优于对照组,心功能关键指标和治疗效果较前均有改善,观察组患者心功能指标和治疗总有效率、化验室指标的改善比较显著高于对照组,不良反应(头晕、咳嗽)发生出现情况低于对照组,差异均具有统计学价值和意义(P < 0.05)。结论:采用沙库巴曲缬沙坦治疗射血分数减低心功能不全合并缺血性脑卒中,可比较显著地缓解患者的临床相关症状,并有较好的治疗效果,可使心衰合并缺血性脑中风患者日常生活活动能力得到极大提高,使患者的心功能指标及实验室指标得到有效的改善,降低卒中再入院率,改善患者日常生活活动能力,不良反应发生情况相对较低,具有较高的应用价值,对脑卒中康复可能有一定影响。
关键词
沙库巴曲缬沙坦,心力衰竭,缺血性脑卒中,日常生活能力,疗效
Treatment of Heart Failure Combined with Ischemic Stroke with Sacubitril Valsartan and Observation on the Efficacy of ADL
Yiyi Wu1*, Jidong Zhang2#
1Department of Cardiology, Weihai Second Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Weihai Shandong
2Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Shinan District, Qingdao Shandong
Received: Nov. 14th, 2022; accepted: Dec. 8th, 2022; published: Dec. 16th, 2022
ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of sacubitril valsartan (ARNI) in the treatment of activities of daily living (ADL) in patients with decreased ejection fraction heart failure complicated with ischemic stroke. Methods: Observed and analyzed the clinical data of 120 patients with decreased ejection fraction, cardiac insufficiency and ischemic stroke, who were treated in the Second Municipal Hospital of Weihai, affiliated to Qingdao University from October 2020 to October 2021. According to the treatment difference (whether to take ARNI), 120 patients were divided into control group and observation group, with 60 patients in each group. The 6-month outpatient follow-up results of the two groups were collected, record the clinical data of each follow-up visit. The control group received the relevant index results of patients treated with conventional simple treatment, and the observation group received the relevant index results of patients treated with conventional drug treatment plus sacubitril valsartan, and analyzed the readmission rate and ADL recovery (Barthel index) of patients in the two groups, the total effective rate of treatment, specific indexes related to cardiac function before and after treatment, laboratory indexes before and after treatment, the incidence of adverse reactions after treatment. Results: Analyze the actual data of relevant materials received, the statistical results showed that the readmission rate of stroke patients in the two groups before and after treatment was lower than that in the control group, the recovery of daily living ability index (Barthel index) was better than that in the control group, and the cardiac function indicators and treatment effect were improved compared with that before treatment. The cardiac function indicators, the total effective rate of treatment, and the improvement of laboratory indicators in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group, and the occurrence of adverse reactions was lower than that in the control group, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The treatment of cardiac insufficiency complicated with ischemic stroke with reduced ejection fraction with sacubitril valsartan can significantly relieve the patients’ clinical symptoms, and has a good therapeutic effect, improve the daily living ability of patients with heart failure combined with ischemic stroke, improve the cardiac function indicators and laboratory indicators of patients, reduce the readmission rate of stroke, and improve the daily living ability of patients. The incidence of adverse reactions is relatively low, which has high clinical application value. It may have a certain effect on stroke rehabilitation.
Keywords:Sacubitril Valsartan, Heart Failure, Ischemic Stroke, Daily Living Ability, Efficacy
Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
1. 引言
缺血性脑卒中在中老年群体尤为好发,是危害生命主要三大疾病之一,不仅仅造成患者肢体、语言等功能障碍问题,还可造成认知、心理等方面的严重损伤 [1],是发展中国家和地区致残与死亡的重要因素,且一旦脑卒中复发,其致残总体风险较首次发病者增加了9~10倍 [2],对患者家庭经济以及各项生活影响巨大。Barthel指数是一种评估偏瘫患者日常生活能力方面的一种超简便且应用方面较广的工具 [3]。而心功能不全则是缺血性脑血管损害的主要危险原因,发病机理与血栓的形成、内皮功能受损和脑自动调节功能异常有关 [4]。心衰不仅增加缺血性脑卒中的风险,而且增加缺血性脑卒中患者的发病率、病死率 [5],尤其是射血分数减低的心衰,增加脑低灌注风险 [6],不利于卒中患者的预后。脑卒中病人大多合并冠心病,同时罹患卒中极大地增加了患者死亡的风险,在诊断心衰的1个月内,发生脑卒中风险是普通人的17倍,而且在5年随访期间风险仍然居高不下 [7]。而缺血性脑卒中病人,因为脑部及心肾血流功能障碍和组织缺血、缺氧,很容易造成心脏负荷加重和心肌损伤,而产生心功能不全 [8],与未发生卒中的心力衰竭患者相比,发生缺血性脑卒中的心力衰竭患者死亡风险显著增高;本研究旨在对沙库巴曲缬沙坦治疗射血分数减低心衰合并缺血性脑卒中日常生活能力疗效进行回顾性分析。
2. 资料与方法
2.1. 临床资料
回顾性分析我院2020年10月~2021年10月收治的心衰合并缺血性脑卒中治疗的120例患者,据治疗方法不同分为观察组与对照组,各为60例。观察组男性患者26例,女患34例,年龄70.03 ± 8.18岁,对照组男患28例,女患32例,年龄在72.63 ± 6.23岁;纳入标准:心衰合并缺血性脑卒中曾于我院住院患者,年龄 ≥ 49岁,末端B型利钠肽原(NT-proBNP)血清水平 ≥ 300 pg/ml,LVEF < 40%,缺血性脑卒中日常生活能力轻中度依赖患者(Barthel指数在41~99);有液体潴留的症状和体征的患者;患者符合以下条件:收缩压 ≥ 100 mmHg;排除标准:缺血性脑卒中日常活动能力重度依赖及正常的患者;非心源性脑卒中;已知对ARNI及血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(ARB)过敏,血肌酐 > 221 μmol/L;血钾 > 5.40 mmol/L;双侧肾动脉严重狭窄;合并严重肾功能不全;合并急性心肌梗死;合并肝炎、结核、恶性肿瘤等全身性疾病;合并自身免疫性疾病;孕妇和哺乳期妇女;且统计的患者均已参与随访,收集的两组病患资料数据相比较差异无统计学意义,具有可比性。该研究取得医院伦理委员会审批,且取得所有患者知情同意。
2.2. 方法
对照组为常规缺血性卒中治疗及强心、利尿、扩血管、减轻心脏负荷、维持电解质平衡等治疗的患者,观察组为常规治疗加用沙库巴曲缬沙坦(北京诺华制药)治疗的患者,并耐受服药剂量100 mg,2次/d。选择出院后规律服药的患者,收集两组患者6个月门诊随访结果,记录每次复诊的临床结果,将随诊第6个月各项结果进行比对、分析。
2.3. 观察指标
① 卒中再入院率和缺血性卒中日常生活能力恢复情况。② 治疗效果:无效:心衰患者症状几乎无缓解,心功能缓解不明显;显效:心衰患者呼吸困难、乏力等症状较前部分控制,心功能较前改善I级;有效:心衰症状几乎完全缓解,呼吸困难等症状完全消失,心功能较前改善 > II级;总有效率 = (显效个数 + 有效个数)/总例数。③ 心衰合并缺血性脑卒中患者心肌损伤及实验室指标情况:末端B型利钠肽原(NT-proBNP)、TNT-HS、肾功能(eGFR)。④ 心功能指标情况:心率、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室舒张末期内径(LVDD)、左心室质量指数(LVMI)、HR。⑤ 不良反应:咳嗽、头晕等。
2.4. 统计学方法
本次资料结果选取SPSS 25.0统计软件进行统计学分析,满足正态分布的计量资料,组间比较采用t检验,未满足采用Mann-Whitney U检验,均以(X ± S)表示;非等级计数资料采用卡方检验,等级计数资料采用秩和检验,均以(例,%)表示。所有检查、检验等结果均以P < 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
3. 结果
1) 随访结果显示缺血性卒中再入院率两组对比后发现,对照组12例,观察组3例,两组再入院率比较有显著的差异差别(P < 0.05),治疗前两组日常生活能力指标(Barthel指数)无显著差异(P > 0.05),治疗后观察组Barthel指数优于对照组,有显著差异(P < 0.05)。见表1。
Table 1. Readmission rate of ischemic stroke and recovery of ADL (n, %)
表1. 缺血性卒中再入院率及日常生活能力恢复情况(n, %)
2) 随访不同的治疗方案结果表明,对照组总有效几率为80.00%,观察组总有效率为95.00%,两组均有较高的有效率,但相较于对照组,观察组的有效率较对照组还是较为明显(P < 0.05)。见表2。
Table 2. Comparison of efficacy between the two groups
表2. 两组疗效比较
3) 随访心功能及实验室相关结果比较,治疗后两组心衰合并缺血性脑卒中患者心率、左心室舒张末期内径(LVDD)下降、左心室质量指数(LVMI)下降,N端-B型钠尿肽前体(NT-proBNP)、心肌肌钙蛋白(TNT-HS)下降,左心室射血分数(LVEF)显著改善;两组上述治疗治疗前后差值比较,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表3。
4) 根据随访结果两组不良反应发生率比较以后,结果显示对照组头晕5例、咳嗽7例,不良反应总发生率20.00%,观察组头晕2例、咳嗽2例,不良反应总发生率6.67%,数据表明两组不良反应发生率比较有显著差异(P < 0.05)。见表4。
4. 讨论
心力衰竭病人,尤其是射血分数减低的患者,可引致大脑低灌注,低射血分数严重影响了缺血性脑卒中患者的临床结局,科研证实,LVEF可用来判断脑卒中病患的预后程度 [9];缺血性脑卒中多并发于
Table 3. Comparison of new functions and laboratory indicators between the two groups before and after treatment
表3. 治疗前与治疗后两组新功能及实验室指标比较表
Table 4. Comparison of adverse reaction rates between the two groups (n, %)
表4. 两组不良反应发生率比较(n, %)
心脑血管硬化、高血压、高血糖、高血脂、高同型半胱氨酸等心脑血管高危因子 [10],在出现脑卒中后可导致交感神经兴奋、HPA轴焕醒,进而导致严重的心脏损伤,尤其是在犯病的早期,可引起心脏实验室生物标记物(譬如NT-proBNP、TNT-HS)升高,更甚者引起各种心律失常和心肌梗死,在更严重的情况下,可引发猝死等 [11]。该疾病发生后便会启动机体防护体系,为保障脑灌注,血压反射性上升,进而进一步加重患者心脏负荷,最终会引发或加重心功能损害 [12]。近年缺血性脑卒中发病率仍较高,若不在早期开展康复运动的有效措施治疗,致残、死亡率将很高,给家庭造成巨大的各种负担,而且心功能不全合并缺血性脑中风,加大了诊断难题,医治较为棘手,资料阐明住院治疗期间心衰病患死亡率约为4.1%,急症心功能不全病人急诊病死率达9.6% [13];心脏血管不良事件,大多会发生在脑血管意外的前3天,发病率大致为19%,合并心功能不全后又易导致脑缺血、组织灌注不足,严重影响了患者的生活还有生存质量及预后,早期选择合适的时机及治疗方案十分关键。
目前,由于应用传统医药治疗后心脑血管疾病的致残率、死亡率仍稳居高位,本研究回顾性分析了在初期选择沙库巴曲缬沙坦治疗,可有效减少心衰合并缺血性脑卒中患者的TNT-HS、NT-proBNP水平,在治疗一周左右,患者NT-proBNP、TNT-HS即可出现明显降低 [14],可有效改善射血分数减低患者的LVEF,治疗6个月后,患者LVDD、LVMI得到了显著改善,血压水平相对稳定,还可延缓eGFR下降,保护肾脏功能 [15],而且卒中患者日常生活能力指标(Barthel指数)较对照组明显好转,有利于卒中患者的尽早康复;分析结果与以下几个方面有关:1) 沙库巴曲缬沙坦可使患者射血分数增加,以及左室逆转可使心脏输出量较前增大,肾脏灌注及脑灌注较前改善;2) 因沙库巴曲缬沙坦可抑制利钠肽的降解,利尿作用增强,同时肾素–血管紧张素–醛固酮系统被阻断,患者的心脏前负荷降低,症状改善,尿量增加,利尿剂减少甚至抑或停用,减少利尿剂对肾脏的损害,对心脏和肾脏有益 [16];患者心功能及心肌损伤改善分析这与ARNI的作用机制密切相连,既可抑制RAAS,又通过利钠肽系统改善心肌重塑 [17],心肌损伤得到了显著改善 [18] [19],沙库巴曲缬沙坦能够及时显著改善心力衰竭患者的临床症状和生活质量,改善脑灌注,从而促进患者进行早期康复治疗,改善卒中患者日常生活行为能力。
综上所述,射血分数减低心衰且罹患脑梗死的患者LVEF与日常生活能力密不可分 [20],心功能不全病人死于卒中的风险至少比普通人群增加1倍,再入院率和死亡率均较高,而且随访期间风险仍然居高不下。两者同时发生致死致残率均较高,更为影响患者晚期疗效及生活质量,早期应用沙库巴曲缬沙坦可显著改善心衰合并缺血性脑卒中患者的心脏功能,改善脑血液血流灌注,从而改善日常生活能力轻中度依赖卒中患者的日常生活能力,可延缓肾功能下降,降低不良反应,且可使患者的血压水平相对较为平稳,降低脑卒中复发风险,降低再入院率,促使缺血性脑卒中患者早期康复,降低患者的致残率,使心衰合并缺血性脑卒中患者极早获益 [21]。本研究亦存有不足之处:用药治疗和随访的时间偏短,且数据取自同一家医院,可能会导致结果产生微小偏移,仍需更为深入地进行大样本、延长随访时间的临床研究、进一步分析和探讨。
文章引用
吴祎祎,张继东. 沙库巴曲缬沙坦治疗心衰合并缺血性脑卒中日常生活能力的疗效观察
Treatment of Heart Failure Combined with Ischemic Stroke with Sacubitril Valsartan and Observation on the Efficacy of ADL[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(12): 11285-11291. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.12121626
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NOTES
*第一作者。
#通讯作者。