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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ae</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Advances in Education</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2160-7303</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2160-729X</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>汉斯出版社</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12677/ae.2026.164663</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ae-139042</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>人文社科</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>基于案例学习模式在病理学教学中的应用</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Application of Case-Based Learning Model in Pathology Teaching</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>王</surname>
            <given-names>成海</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1"><label>1</label> 扬州大学医学部、基础医学院公共卫生学院、病理学教研室，江苏 扬州 </aff>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>16</volume>
      <issue>04</issue>
      <fpage>377</fpage>
      <lpage>383</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="published">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© 2026 Hans Publishers Inc. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="open-access">
          <license-p> This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link> ). </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri content-type="doi" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.12677/ae.2026.164663">https://doi.org/10.12677/ae.2026.164663</self-uri>
      <abstract>
        <p>目的：本研究对基于案例学习(CBL)与微信辅助教学(WAT)进行比较评估。方法：选择70名二年级的临床医学本科生和临床医学外国留学生(MBBS)学生接受了6期的CBL，并在微信群上发布了一组肿瘤主题的病例场景。随后，针对肿瘤的不同主题进行了6次WAT视频。采用配对t检验(组内)和学生t检验(组间)比较干预前后CBL和WAT课程的多项选择题(MCQ)测试成绩分数。采用学生自填问卷和焦点小组讨论(FGDs)收集学生的对教学的看法，并进行定量和定性分析。结果：干预后CBL主题的平均MCQ得分显著高于WAT (22.78 ± 2.99 vs 17.78 ± 3.35, <italic>P</italic>&lt; 0.001)。学生认为CBL增强了他们的好奇心；并通过各种资源获得的知识得到了更好的保留。提高了学生的分析问题的能力和学习病理学的兴趣。在FGDs中，学生喜欢使用WAT作为CBL的辅助，能方便地在聊天群中分享场景相关的额外信息和之前的讨论。结论：WAT辅助下的CBL教学有助于学生获取知识，积极参与讨论和学习，且得分更高，知识保留率更高。使用WAT平台，有助于学生彼此轻松的互动和顺利地寻求导师指导。</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Objective: To compare case-based learning (CBL) and wechat-based instruction (WAT). Methods: 70 second-year medical undergraduates and foreign students in clinical medicine (MBBS) received six rounds of CBL, and a set of cancer-themed case scenarios were posted on Wechat group. Subsequently, 6 WAT videos were performed on different topics of the tumor. Paired t test (intra-group) and student t test (inter-group) were used to compare the scores of multiple choice questions (MCQ) test in CBL and WAT courses before and after intervention. Student self-administered questionnaires and focus group discussions (FGDs) were used to collect students’ views on teaching, and quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted. Results: The average MCQ scores of CBL subjects were significantly higher than those of WAT subjects (22.78 ± 2.99 vs 17.78 ± 3.35,<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.001). Students thought that CBL enhanced their curiosity; and the knowledge gained through various resources is better retained. The students’ ability of analyzing problems and their interest in learning pathology were improved. In FGDs, students prefer to use WAT as an adjunct to CBL to facilitate sharing of additional information related to the scene and previous discussions in the chat group. Conclusions: WAT assisted CBL teaching helps students to acquire knowledge, actively participate in discussion and learning, and has a higher score and knowledge retention rate. The WAT platform helps students to easily interact with each other and smoothly seek guidance from tutors.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated" xml:lang="zh">
        <kwd>CBL</kwd>
        <kwd>WAT</kwd>
        <kwd>焦点小组讨论</kwd>
        <kwd>自主学习</kwd>
        <kwd>社交网络</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated" xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>CBL</kwd>
        <kwd>WAT</kwd>
        <kwd>Focus Group Discussions</kwd>
        <kwd>Self-Directed Learning</kwd>
        <kwd>Social Networking</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec id="sec1">
      <title>1. 引言</title>
      <p>在过去的三十年里，交互式学习的创新方法已经取代了传统的讲授式教学。以案例为基础的学习(Case-based learning, CBL)是一种以学生为中心的交互式教学方法[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]-[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>]，它融合了以问题为基础的学习(problem-based learning, PBL)的许多特点[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>]，向学生提供先前设计的病例，包括患者的背景、临床病史和其他信息，如检查结果、生命体征、临床症状和实验室结果学生需要以解决问题的方式处理临床病例，并了解疾病的病因，解读实验室报告，建立实用的疾病实验室诊断方法，确定临床诊断，并根据临床情况下的实验室结果制定患者管理计划。小组讨论病例可以促进同伴学习。CBL能定期地反馈来自同行和教师的建议，并进一步加强这种学习[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>]。</p>
      <p>微信已成为被大家接受且使用最方便的社交网络智能手机应用程序自从推出以来，它作为社交媒体平台的使用迅速增长，使它成为理想的智能手机社交媒体应用程序[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>]。迄今为止，CBL未被我国医学教育监管机构强制规定，因此尚未在基础和临床科学教学中实施。虽然关于CBL有一些研究成果，但很少有研究者尝试评估微信辅助教学(Wechat assisted teaching, WAT)作为CBL的辅助。病理学的研究可以针对1~2个主题或病例的短期研究本研究旨在评估CBL教学方法的有效性，并评估WAT在病理学本科教学过程中辅助CBL教学的可接受性。通过问卷调查和焦点小组讨论(focus group discussions, FGDs)获得的学生的看法进行定量和定性分析。</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec2">
      <title>2. 材料和方法</title>
      <p>这项干预性先导性研究在我医学部进行，教师接受了基础和高级医学教育课程培训，学生使用智能手机。该项目针对病理学专业二年级的临床医学本科生和临床医学外国留学生(MBBS)开展，分四个阶段进行：a. 准备阶段；b. 干预前启动阶段；c. 干预阶段；d. 干预后评估阶段、数据获取和统计分析。</p>
      <p>a. 准备阶段</p>
      <p>该课程包括6期CBL课程和6期WAT课程。课程主题包括肿瘤的基础知识、良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断、癌症的扩散途径、临床肿瘤的形态学特点和肿瘤的分子机制。不同难度的主题平均分配在两种组群中，由4名教师完成模块各部分的内容和面部识别验证(包括会议顺序、案例、调查、幻灯片、简答题、调查问卷和与参与者的FGD指导要点)。本研究招募了5名高年资的住院医师进行CBL教学。在启动阶段前进行CBL干预和教学培训。</p>
      <p>b. 干预前启动阶段</p>
      <p>所有二年级专业MBBS学生(<italic>n</italic> = 70)，在会议中提供关于本研究的信息，并获得学生书面自愿知情同意。学生们被随机分成10组，每组7人，通过抽签的方式，创建了十个不同的WAT群组。由1名住院医师担任两组群管理人员，并在所有组中增加负责协调研究的调查性教学人员。干预前进行基于多选题(multiple-choice questions, MCQ)的预测(70分)。测试由70个单一最佳回答MCQ组成，分别来自CBL和WAT主题(各35个)。在这35个MCQ中，纳入单行MCQ (各22个)和基于病史的MCQ (各13个)。两种类型的题目中，简单、中级和较难的比例相似。</p>
      <p>c. 干预阶段</p>
      <p>在3周内，每周进行两次培训，然后以相似的频率进行6次DL。每次CBL前一周，预先设计的临床病例包括患者的临床病史和检查结果，包括症状和体征和相关的血液检查报告，发布在所有WAT组。10个学生小组一次获得同一病例，涉及一个肿瘤主题。他们可以自由地阅读、搜索各种资源以获取信息，并在方便的时候在课堂外进行病例讨论，他们的导师住院医师会时刻关注，以避免讨论失控。学生应以解决问题的方式处理临床病例，建立实用的疾病实验室诊断方法，并创建鉴别诊断。带教教师不断检查和指导住院医师之间的讨论。在接触讨论的前一天，临床表现、肿瘤血清学检查、影像学检查和病理活检图像被张贴给学生。在直接接触会议当天，学生有15分钟的时间在住院导师的监督下准备最后的报告。导师的角色是让学生专注于学习目标，并确保课堂上的小组动态。从每个小组中选择学生，他们提出了病例的不同方面，包括解释临床病史，检查结果，以及在病例的背景下解释各种检查。在他们的报告过程中，教师随时提供指导。最后，老师总结了所有相关的要点，并在学生的报告中进行了批改。接下来的6次课程以WAT的形式，由同一位教师讲授相似难度的肿瘤主题。</p>
      <p>d. 干预后评估阶段，数据采集，统计分析</p>
      <p>在深度学习结束后的一天，我们对当天在场的学生进行了一次基于MCQ的后期检测，将干预前阶段给出的相同问题投影在屏幕上，以评估干预后的知识获取情况。在完成整个深度学习课程的两周后，进行另一项后测，以评估知识的吸收情况。该测试包括CBL和WAT教学主题的6个SAQs。</p>
      <p>课程结束后，采用小组调查的方法，对学生进行了两次问卷调查。在效用调查中，通过两种不同的反馈形式获得了关于CBL和WAT作为教学方法效用的反馈。通过课程评价调查获得对整个课程的反馈。这些Likert量表问卷是预先设计并经过验证的。在数据分析过程中以匿名的方式收集问卷。</p>
      <p>进行FGDs时，一名住院医师同时访谈了两组患者，共涉及5名住院医师和10组患者。有关教学的组织和过程、方法的可接受性、学习病理学科目以及其他感知到的益处的问题被纳入FGDs。学生的回答被电子记录在移动设备上。驻班导师指出讨论的要点，并在讨论结束时向每个小组总结了调查结果，并发布在WAT的群里，以获得学生们的认可。所有研究人员分别聆听和阅读FGD录音和讨论内容，并为所有陈述写下有效的推论。赞成和反对干预的观点也被记录了下来。采用主题分析法进行分析。</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec3">
      <title>3. 统计分析</title>
      <p>采用SPSS 22统计软件进行统计学分析。数据用均数 ± 标准差(SD)、频率(病例数)和相对频率(百分比)进行描述。计量资料组间比较采用独立样本t检验，非参数资料组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。组内干预前后MCQ测试得分比较采用配对t检验。计数资料比较采用<italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup>检验。<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05为差异有统计学意义。</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec4">
      <title>4. 结果</title>
      <p>如表1所示，在课程评价调查问卷中，超过50%的学生在Likert量表上的大部分参数评分 ≥ 4分。对54名学生进行后测，并与前测进行比较。如表2所示，对比基于MCQ的学生在CBL和WAT主题的后测平均得分，我们发现CBL主题得分(22.78 ± 2.99)显著高于WAT主题得分(17.78 ± 3.35)，差异有统计学意义(<italic>P</italic>&lt; 0.001)。案例学习的后测平均成绩为(17.019 ± 2.202)分，深度学习的后测平均成绩为(13.611 ± 2.595)分(<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.001)。在13道基于病史的CBL教学题目中，52名学生(96.3%)答对了≥50%的题目，14名学生(25.9%)答对了10道题目。与WAT教学相比，54名学生中仅26名(48.1%)学生对病例病史类题目的答对率 ≥ 50%，仅1名(1.85%)学生对13道题目的答对率 ≥ 10分。在后期的后测中，70名学生中有59人在CBL教学主题中得分超过60%，而在WAT教学主题中只有48人得分超过60%。通过独立样本的Mann-Whitney U检验比较效用调查中学生对不同参数的Likert量表评分(表3)，CBL在提高分析能力、自主学习、学习动机、有助于长期保留主题、增强检索信息的能力、学生合作能力、临床导向学习等大部分参数的平均评分均大于3.7。而WAT会话的相同参数则小于3.15 (<italic>Z</italic> &lt; 0.001)。通过课程学习到的知识是零碎的、无用的，课程在一定程度上增加了我的学习负担，这些都是消极的表述；因此，对其进行反评分并进行分析。仅15人认为CBL是一种学习负担，28人不同意，23人持中立态度。对WAT的反应相似。仅有7名学生认为这是一种学业负担，33名学生不同意，26名学生持中立态度。</p>
      <p><bold>Table 1</bold><bold>.</bold> Student responses to the Likert scale course evaluation survey</p>
      <p><bold>表</bold><bold>1</bold><bold>.</bold> 学生对Likert量表课程评价调查的反应</p>
      <table-wrap id="tbl1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <table>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>项目</td>
              <td>完全同意(5)和同意(4)</td>
              <td>中立(3)</td>
              <td>不同意(2)和完全不同意(1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>学习方法论课程开始就很清楚</td>
              <td>60</td>
              <td>4</td>
              <td>2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>已充分了解参与课程的情况</td>
              <td>63</td>
              <td>2</td>
              <td>1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>遇到问题时，课程导师住院医师指导是可用的</td>
              <td>36</td>
              <td>11</td>
              <td>19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>教学前，很容易与同学和住院医师讨论病例</td>
              <td>31</td>
              <td>31</td>
              <td>4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>老师们在分配病例、日期和时间方面都很守时</td>
              <td>59</td>
              <td>5</td>
              <td>2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>这门课的师资非常优秀</td>
              <td>39</td>
              <td>26</td>
              <td>1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>教师和住院医师尊重学生，保持着良好关系</td>
              <td>49</td>
              <td>16</td>
              <td>1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>分布式病例对课程有补充作用，非常有用</td>
              <td>46</td>
              <td>6</td>
              <td>14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>实践环节与所讲授的理论内容相吻合，通俗易懂</td>
              <td>45</td>
              <td>9</td>
              <td>12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>MCQ和笔试问题合理，符合教学大纲</td>
              <td>42</td>
              <td>15</td>
              <td>9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>对这门课程总体上很满意，并且积极参与学习</td>
              <td>46</td>
              <td>19</td>
              <td>1</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><bold>Table 2</bold><bold>.</bold> Pre- and post-intervention MCQ test scores were obtained with respect to CBL and WAT themes</p>
      <p><bold>表</bold><bold>2</bold><bold>.</bold> 干预前后的MCQ测试中获得了与CBL和WAT主题得分</p>
      <table-wrap id="tbl2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <table>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">
              </td>
              <td colspan="2">教学前MCQ评分</td>
              <td colspan="2">教学后MCQ评分</td>
              <td rowspan="2">
                <italic>P</italic>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>均值</td>
              <td>SD</td>
              <td>均值</td>
              <td>SD</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                全部(
                <italic>n</italic>
                = 70)
              </td>
              <td>9.93</td>
              <td>1.33</td>
              <td>40.39</td>
              <td>5.54</td>
              <td>&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                CBL主题(
                <italic>n</italic>
                = 35)
              </td>
              <td>5.76</td>
              <td>0.92</td>
              <td>22.76</td>
              <td>2.99</td>
              <td>&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                WAT主题(
                <italic>n</italic>
                = 35)
              </td>
              <td>4.18</td>
              <td>0.84</td>
              <td>17.76</td>
              <td>3.32</td>
              <td>&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>MCQ：多选题，SD：标准差。</p>
      <p><bold>Table 3</bold><bold>.</bold> Likert scale scores given by students at different survey parameters</p>
      <p><bold>表</bold><bold>3</bold><bold>.</bold> 学生在不同调查参数给出的Likert量表评分</p>
      <table-wrap id="tbl3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <table>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">参数</td>
              <td colspan="2">CBL Likert评分</td>
              <td colspan="2">WAT Likert平分</td>
              <td rowspan="2">
                <italic>Z</italic>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>均值</td>
              <td>SD</td>
              <td>均值</td>
              <td>SD</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>课程提高了分析能力</td>
              <td>3.92</td>
              <td>0.79</td>
              <td>3.12</td>
              <td>0.77</td>
              <td>&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>课程引导自我导向的学习</td>
              <td>3.70</td>
              <td>1.02</td>
              <td>2.77</td>
              <td>0.84</td>
              <td>&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>之后的MCQ考试和笔试都有更好的表现</td>
              <td>3.41</td>
              <td>0.89</td>
              <td>3.39</td>
              <td>0.86</td>
              <td>0.931</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>这些会议提高了我对话题的长期记忆</td>
              <td>3.79</td>
              <td>0.97</td>
              <td>3.14</td>
              <td>1.08</td>
              <td>&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>课程增强了检索和利用信息的能力</td>
              <td>4.00</td>
              <td>0.88</td>
              <td>3.11</td>
              <td>0.88</td>
              <td>&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>课程激发了对疾病、诊断和治疗的兴趣，从而促进了以临床为导向的 整体学习</td>
              <td>3.94</td>
              <td>1.01</td>
              <td>2.85</td>
              <td>1.00</td>
              <td>&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>学到的知识将帮助在临床和社区实践</td>
              <td>3.69</td>
              <td>0.88</td>
              <td>3.14</td>
              <td>0.89</td>
              <td>&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>课程训练了与其他学生合作和协调的能力</td>
              <td>3.74</td>
              <td>1.14</td>
              <td>2.80</td>
              <td>0.85</td>
              <td>&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>通过会议学到的知识是零碎的和无用的</td>
              <td>3.61</td>
              <td>1.16</td>
              <td>3.50</td>
              <td>1.07</td>
              <td>0.586</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>课程在一定程度上增加了我的学业负担</td>
              <td>3.32</td>
              <td>1.15</td>
              <td>3.36</td>
              <td>0.94</td>
              <td>0.140</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>在FGDs中出现的WAT支持和反对CBL的观点见表4。超过60%的学生承认在引入CBL后产生了对病理学的兴趣，绝大多数学生承认，通过WAT发布的病例让他们可以自由地与小组成员讨论，分享观点，增加对话题的理解，并有助于创建一个良好的学习氛围。15/70的学生承认在下载案件和讨论时面临互联网数据连接问题，但是，学生仍认为CBL促进了合作，并且他们在小组中的随机分配增加了他们的人际沟通(67%)，而不妨碍小组的运作。但是，为了更好地进行讨论，他们要求将小组成员人数减少到4~5人。学生们体会到，有时太多的人在WAT上讨论会让他们偏离主题。72.7%的学生认为CBL提高了分析能力，67%的学生认为CBL有助于临床导向学习。然而，有人建议直接检查病人将是一个更好的学习方式。</p>
      <p><bold>Table 4</bold><bold>.</bold> Pro- and anti-CBL students in FGDs</p>
      <p><bold>表</bold><bold>4</bold><bold>.</bold> FGDs中支持和反对CBL的学生</p>
      <table-wrap id="tbl4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <table>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>支持CBL</td>
              <td>反对CBL</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>案例让学生自主学习，自己搜索资源，搜索书籍，上网， 阅读和讨论。</td>
              <td>患者表现出症状和体征的照片和视频是很好的 锻炼。然而，模拟器运行不好。</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>与没有病例讨论的主题相比，分配病例并进行小组讨论 的主题更容易被保留和理解。</td>
              <td>当学生有其他学习任务时，分配病例有时会成为额外 的负担。如果没有CBL，就能更好地记住知识。</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>小组讨论需要由教员或住院导师协调和指导。</td>
              <td>最好在病例讨论时直接向患者展示体征和症状。</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>每周只分配一个病例给一个小组，这给学生足够的时间 来研究这个病例。太频繁地处理案件是很麻烦的。</td>
              <td>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>直到学生之间有了良好的沟通，团队伙伴才变得重要。 将学生随机分组有助于增进人际交流。</td>
              <td>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>应该有时间为MCQ做准备，而不是突然进行考试。但 总的来说，这对评估在课堂讨论中的参与度是有益的。 屏幕上的投影很好，可以给所有人平等的时间。</td>
              <td>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec5">
      <title>5. 讨论</title>
      <p>在病理学教学过程中本研究引入了CBL教学，是一种以学生为中心的结构化学习方法。通过前后测设计来评估干预措施的效果。前后测平均分数的差异凸显了CBL和WAT在知识方面的显著提高，证明两者都是有效的教学方法。但是，与WAT相比，CBL的整体知识收获更多，CBL主题的得分显著高于WAT主题。Mohankrishnan等[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>]认为，提前引入主题会增加会议中的注意力和学习的热情在本研究中，大多数学生的后测成绩在CBL主题上高于WAT主题。先前研究报告了类似的反馈，在微生物学、生物化学和临床科目中，CBL和WAT的比较发现学生认为CBL除了提高临床导向学习、分析和推理技能、深入知识和长期记忆之外，还提高了与同学的沟通、协调和合作[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>]。</p>
      <p>在本研究中，超过50%的学生认为CBL教学提高了病理学的学习兴趣。学生反馈认为CBL对肿瘤的学习有促进作用。他们承认自己通过学习书籍、小组讨论、利用百度、维基百科等互联网资源来理解案例。因此，CBL鼓励学生对问题进行开放式的探索，并鼓舞了学生的学习热情[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>]。在讨论和学习过程中，他们会更积极、更专注、更积极地参与。与本研究结果类似，Mohanakrishnan等[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>]研究发现大多数参与者也发现具有挑战性的临床病例是发现他们知识差距的强大动机，磨练了他们的思维技能和创造力，并鼓励自我导向的文献检索。然而，在Sudhakar等人研究中，学生希望WAT之后再有CBL，而Shetty等人建议WAT和CBL应该连续使用，以更好地理解学习主题[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>]。在Garg、Singh和Shetty等[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>]人的研究中，学生们欣赏与教师、工作人员和其他教师进行学习。同时，基于智能手机的互联网搜索使他们能够理解调查结果的解释。我们选择微信应用程序进行研究，因为它可以创建超过100名成员的广播和聊天群；一次向特定群体上传和分发病例；发布未经修改的病理图像。但是，病例和图片需要保密和专业[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>]。由于交流记录，容易评估学生的参与率；因此，教师们积极地观察整个讨论过程。Raiman等[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>]人也有类似的观点。</p>
      <p>在教学过程中需要教师的积极参与，以保持讨论的焦点，避免任何偏离无用的闲聊。然而，在本研究中，小组规模限制在7人，故未出现偏离讨论主题的情况。有研究发现学生承认缺乏兴趣，因为难以参与所有的讨论，羞于小组讨论，没有足够的动力进行SDL，或面临互联网连接问题[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>]-[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>]。因此我们建议提供数字图书馆和免费WiFi来解决这个问题。Goyal等[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>]认为，使用智能手机进行讨论可能耗时、令人上瘾，因此需要监管，Maske和Lohitashwa等人认为学习群中需要面临着不相关而次要的信息泛滥和跑题[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>]。在本研究中，18/70的学生抱怨时间紧张；因此参与小组讨论和自学的努力都不专心。这种方法要求学生对自己的学习负责，但积极努力，并抽出足够的时间进行SDL。教师指导式学习对课程和时间需求的对比和冲突降低了以问题为基础学习的价值。在70名学生中，约10%的学生推荐导师制教学、内带式教学和应试教学。所以，在考核过程中很多学生只是觉得有必要巩固学习以获得更好的成绩。因此，与Valero等[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]人的观点相似，本研究也发现，虽然所有的学生都同意CBL以学生为中心的主动学习方法，但有少数学生仍然被传统的教学理念所束缚，并将终结性评价作为获取知识的主要动机。</p>
      <p>本研究局限性：本研究的局限性在于调查的学生仅仅为70名学生，需要今后对更大的学生队列进行更多这样的研究；调查时间短，需要更长年限的调查；本研究一个病理学主题，需要多个教学主题，并跨越一个学科或整个学科甚至整个课程的更多主题。因此，本研究结果对其他病理学主题或医学学科的普遍适用性可能有限。因此，需要进一步去探索。</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec6">
      <title>6. 结论</title>
      <p>本研究强调，由WAT辅助的CBL帮助学生通过自主努力主动学习，并长期应用。本文建议对更大的学生队列进行更多这样的研究，并跨越一个学科或整个学科甚至整个课程的更多主题，以调查WAT辅助CBL作为主动学习方法平台的效用、可接受性和有效性。需要克服研究的局限性，需要进一步探索WAT辅助的CBL教学的普遍适用性。</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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