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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">md</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Medical Diagnosis</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2164-5418</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2164-540X</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>汉斯出版社</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12677/md.2026.162031</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">md-139078</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>医药卫生</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>结直肠息肉患病危险因素的相关研究进展</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Research Progress on Risk Factors for Colorectal Polyps</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>赵</surname>
            <given-names>文校</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>于</surname>
            <given-names>艳丽</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>王</surname>
            <given-names>唯一</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>王</surname>
            <given-names>鑫</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>周</surname>
            <given-names>洋</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>张</surname>
            <given-names>秀静</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1"><label>1</label> 华北理工大学附属医院胃肠镜诊疗中心，河北 唐山 </aff>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>16</volume>
      <issue>02</issue>
      <fpage>231</fpage>
      <lpage>239</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="published">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© 2026 Hans Publishers Inc. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="open-access">
          <license-p> This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link> ). </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri content-type="doi" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.12677/md.2026.162031">https://doi.org/10.12677/md.2026.162031</self-uri>
      <abstract>
        <p>结直肠息肉在多种因素的共同作用下，可发展成结直肠腺瘤，进一步发展成为结直肠癌。研究证实年龄、性别、遗传因素、生活方式、肠道微生态、肥胖及代谢综合征等因素与结直肠息肉的发生有着重要联系。此外，心理因素、药物也被认为可能影响息肉的发生与发展。通过内镜筛查和早期切除息肉可降低癌变风险，但针对不同人群的危险因素分层及个性化治疗策略仍需进一步探索。本文就结直肠息肉发病的危险因素的研究现状进行总结，以期为临床工作者对结直肠息肉的防治提供借鉴及为后续相关研究的开展提供一定的理论依据及借鉴。</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Colorectal polyps, under the combined influence of multiple factors, can develop into colorectal adenomas and further progress to colorectal cancer. Studies have confirmed that factors such as age, gender, genetics, lifestyle, obesity, and metabolic syndrome are significantly associated with the occurrence of colorectal polyps. In addition, gut microbiota, psychological factors, and medications are also considered to potentially affect the development and progression of polyps. Endoscopic screening and early removal of polyps can reduce the risk of cancerization, but the stratification of risk factors and personalized treatment strategies for different populations still need further exploration. This article summarizes the current research status of risk factors for the development of colorectal polyps, aiming to provide clinical practitioners with insights for the prevention and treatment of colorectal polyps and to offer a certain theoretical basis and reference for subsequent related research.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated" xml:lang="zh">
        <kwd>结直肠息肉</kwd>
        <kwd>结直肠癌</kwd>
        <kwd>危险因素</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated" xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Colorectal Polyps</kwd>
        <kwd>Colorectal Cancer</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec id="sec1">
      <title>1. 引言</title>
      <p>结直肠息肉是指由结直肠黏膜层向肠腔内突出的非正常隆起，根据病理组织学可以将它们分为腺瘤性或非腺瘤性息肉[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]。在既往研究中腺瘤–癌是其中的经典模式。目前调查显示，腺瘤性息肉发展为早期癌症大约需要7~12年。近些年来，人民生活水平不断提高，结直肠息肉的发病率也在逐渐增加[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>]。部分结直肠息肉患者会出现便血、腹胀、腹痛、便秘、腹泻等症状，严重影响患者的健康和生活质量。但是大部分结直肠息肉患者并无明显临床症状，临床很难被发现，此时可能已经进展为恶性肿瘤。</p>
      <p>结直肠癌(Colorectal Cancer, CRC)是全球范围内最常见的消化道恶性肿瘤之一，其发病率和死亡率在我国亦呈显著上升趋势，已成为严重威胁国民健康的重大公共卫生问题[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>]。据2020年全球癌症统计数据，我国CRC新发病例高达55.5万例，位居恶性肿瘤第三位[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>]。绝大多数的散发性结直肠癌遵循经典的“息肉–腺瘤–癌”序列演变途径，即从正常的肠黏膜发展为腺瘤性息肉，再经过数年甚至数十年的进展最终恶变为浸润性癌。除此之外还包括锯齿状通路、de novo途径及炎症–癌变途径等[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>]。结直肠息肉，特别是腺瘤性息肉，作为CRC明确的癌前病变，其早期发现与干预被公认为是阻断癌变链条、降低CRC发病率和死亡率最为有效的策略。因此，深入研究结直肠息肉发生的相关危险因素，对于精准识别高危人群、优化筛查策略、实现结直肠癌的早诊早治具有至关重要的理论与实践意义。</p>
      <p>但是目前对结直肠息肉的发病机制尚不明确，其发生与发展可能是由多种因素联合引起，包括年龄、性别、遗传、高血压、高血脂、糖尿病、肥胖以及不健康的饮食结构等。影响结直肠息肉的相关因素，被怀疑对结直肠癌的发生和发展也有所影响，最终使细胞基因产生变异[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>]。</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec2">
      <title>2. 结直肠息肉危险因素研究进展</title>
      <sec id="sec2dot1">
        <title>2.1. 年龄和性别与结直肠息肉</title>
        <p>年龄是几乎所有研究公认的结直肠息肉发生的相关危险因素之一。多项大规模临床研究数据均证实，息肉检出率随年龄增长而显著升高。刘宇英等人对3607例健康体检者的分析显示，50岁以上人群的肠息肉检出率显著高于50岁以下组[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>]。杨竞等对超过7000例肠镜检查患者的回顾性分析进一步细化，发现内镜下息肉检出率随年龄增加而升高，70岁以上人群的检出率最高，可达55.24% [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>]。这种年龄相关性不仅体现在息肉的发生率上，也体现在其生物学特性上。相关研究发现，随着年龄增长，腺瘤性息肉中绒毛状腺瘤及息肉癌变的发生比例逐渐上升，生长方式也更趋复杂，提示高龄患者的息肉具有更高的恶性潜能[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>]。这些证据共同支持将年龄，特别是40岁或50岁作为进行结直肠癌筛查的重要界点[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>]。随着年龄的增长，机体免疫力下降，原癌基因及抑癌基因的失衡，肠道功能的减弱等都会促使正常肠道黏膜上皮在各种刺激下发生异常增生，形成结直肠息肉，最后甚至转变为恶性病变。</p>
        <p>性别同样是一个被广泛认可的危险因素。国内外相关研究都指出男性结直肠息肉的患病风险显著高于女性[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>]。田晓彤等人对444例结直肠息肉患者的临床特征分析发现，男性构成比明显高于女性(男:女 = 2.02:1) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>]。这种性别差异可能部分归因于男性和女性在激素水平、生活方式(如吸烟饮酒)等方面的不同[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>]。因此，在制定筛查策略时，应将男性视为需要重点关注的性别高危因素。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec2dot2">
        <title>2.2. 生活行为方式与结直肠息肉</title>
        <p>不健康的生活行为方式是结直肠息肉重要的可干预危险因素。吸烟和饮酒是其中证据较为充分的独立危险因素。李文洁等对超过1400例息肉患者的大样本分析验证，吸烟及饮酒是结直肠息肉发生的独立危险因素[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>]。相关研究[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>]指出，吸烟量越大、吸烟年限越长，患结直肠息肉的风险越高。烟草中大量的有害物质损伤结直肠黏膜，损伤的黏膜在各种危险因素的刺激下，最终形成结直肠息肉[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]。这些研究一致强调了戒烟限酒在结直肠息肉预防中的重要性。</p>
        <p>饮食结构同样与结直肠息肉的发生密切相关[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>]。高脂、高红肉、低纤维的饮食习惯通常被认为是危险因素。李文洁的研究发现，具有红肉、辛辣、油腻、高盐、低水果摄入等特殊饮食嗜好的人群中，息肉更为多见[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>]。高脂肪饮食和红肉的高摄入往往会促进结直肠息肉的发生及发展，而摄入低蛋白饮食、新鲜水果蔬菜则被认为保护性因素[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]。高脂饮食可能通过影响胆汁酸代谢、促进肠道炎症等途径促进息肉形成。此外，饮食中钙、维生素D、水果[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]、叶酸[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>]的摄入不足也被认为与息肉风险增加有关。</p>
        <p>缺乏体力活动是另一个重要的行为风险因素。久坐不动的生活方式会延长结肠传输时间，增加黏膜与潜在致癌物的接触时间，同时可能通过影响激素水平(如胰岛素、雌激素)和促炎因子来促进肿瘤发生。在一项针对无症状患者的研究证实，体育活动增加可以降低结直肠腺瘤的发病率，并且在降低晚期腺瘤或多发性腺瘤的发病率上更明显[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>]。一项Meta分析显示，高水平的体力活动可将结直肠腺瘤风险降低约16% [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>]。因此，倡导戒烟限酒、均衡饮食、增加膳食纤维摄入、减少红肉及加工肉制品食用、适当体育锻炼，形成良好的生活行为方式是预防结直肠息肉的基础性措施。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec2dot3">
        <title>2.3. 代谢和疾病相关因素与结直肠息肉</title>
        <p>代谢异常及相关疾病构成了结直肠息肉发生的另一组重要危险因素集群。肥胖或超重，通常以体重指数(BMI)来衡量，BMI的升高会增加CRA的发病风险，是在多个研究中被反复验证的危险因素[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>]。刘宇英等在健康体检人群中的研究发现，BMI ≥ 24 kg/m<sup>2</sup>组的息肉检出率高于BMI正常组[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>]。国内外多项研究表明，结直肠息肉的生成与血清脂质水平及肥胖具有相关性[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>]。李佳等人的研究专门探讨了血脂的影响，发现高水平的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和甘油三酯(TG)是结直肠息肉发病的独立危险因素，且LDL-C水平升高与非腺瘤性结直肠息肉发病关联更紧密[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>]。国外相关研究同样发现，高水平的甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)与结直肠腺瘤的发生呈正相关，而血清高水平的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)与结直肠腺瘤的发生却是负相关[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>]。</p>
        <p>糖尿病是结直肠息肉发生及发展的一个重要危险因素。Loke等[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>]在针对中老年人群的研究中发现，空腹血糖过高是发生结直肠息肉的独立风险因素。在韩国开展的一项前瞻性队列研究显示，空腹血糖的升高和糖尿病的诊断是多种恶性病变的独立危险因素，并且空腹血糖水平的升高与癌症发生风险呈现正相关[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>]。因此，糖尿病患者应积极进行结肠镜检查，提高结直肠息肉检出率，防止肿瘤性息肉向恶性病变转变。</p>
        <p>近年来，高尿酸血症与结直肠息肉，特别是腺瘤性息肉的关联日益受到关注。一些研究证实[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>]，血清尿酸水平升高是结直肠腺瘤发生的独立危险因素。并且在鲁明[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>]等人的研究中，尿酸(OR = 1.540)水平越高，发生CAP风险越高。其致病机制不仅源于高尿酸作为代谢综合征组分所伴随的全身性代谢紊乱，更与其促炎作用密切相关。因此，在结直肠息肉(尤其是腺瘤)的早期筛查与风险评估中，监测并干预尿酸水平，可能成为一项有价值的预防策略。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec2dot4">
        <title>2.4. 遗传因素与结直肠息肉</title>
        <p>既往息肉史和家族肿瘤史是评估结直肠息肉风险时不可忽视的方面。既往息肉史是强有力的预测因子之一。国内相关研究明确将既往息肉史列为结直肠息肉发生的独立危险因素[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>]。葛军等人对内镜下息肉切除术后复发风险的研究进一步佐证了这一点，发现肠息肉数目 ≥ 3个是术后复发的独立危险因素[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>]。国外研究发现[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>]，在基线结肠镜检查时，若腺瘤数量超过5个或至少存在1枚直径大于19 mm的腺瘤，腺瘤的绝对风险会升高20%~25%。这强调了对于有息肉切除史的患者，进行规律结肠镜随访的极端重要性，以监测复发并及时处理。</p>
        <p>结直肠癌或息肉家族史作为遗传易感性的体现，也是明确的危险因素。遗传因素约占结直肠癌风险的35% [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>]。家族性腺瘤性息肉病(FAP)是一种显性遗传性疾病，主要特征为发病较早，患者在青春期时即可发生结直肠多发性腺瘤性息肉，数量可从几十枚到上千枚不等。其发病机制是染色体上APC基因发生了突变，引起染色体不稳定[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>]。在一项病例对照研究中发现，有结直肠癌家族史者的患者发现结直肠腺瘤的风险明显高于无肿瘤家族史者的患者[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>]。并且在雷甜甜[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>]等的研究中，有一级亲属结肠癌家族史是结直肠高危腺瘤的独立危险因素。国外相关研究得出结论[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>]，相较于无肿瘤家族史的受试者，一级亲属中≥2名患有CRC的受试者，其CRA的发病率显著增加，但是仅1位一级亲属患有CRC的受试者，其CRA的发生风险并未出现增高。基于以上研究，临床医生在临床问诊和风险评估中，应详细采集家族肿瘤史。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec2dot5">
        <title>2.5. 肠道微生态与结直肠息肉</title>
        <p>结直肠息肉的发生和发展与肠道菌群及其代谢之间存在着紧密的联系。在结肠息肉患者的肠道中，菌群的数量、种类与正常人有所不同，并且与结肠癌患者的肠道菌群相似[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>]。正常肠道菌群在宿主营养代谢、药物转化、黏膜屏障维护、免疫调节和病原体防御等方面发挥重要作用。闫志辉等人的研究直接比较了结直肠癌、腺瘤性息肉患者与健康人的肠道菌群，发现患者组中双歧杆菌等有益菌减少，肠杆菌等条件致病菌增加，且肠道菌群失调与BMI异常、服药史等因素相关[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>]。在Wei PL等[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>]的研究中，结直肠腺瘤患者肠道菌群中克雷伯杆菌属、梭杆菌属的相对丰度升高。Peters BA团队[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>]通过粪便样本的16S rRNA基因测序，发现乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌在结直肠腺瘤患者肠道菌群中的相对丰度减少。国外一项研究评估了不同微生物种类之间的联系及其对结直肠肿瘤的预测价值，进一步证明了肠道微生物与结直肠肿瘤性息肉的相关性[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>]。尽管目前其作为独立危险因素的临床量化标准尚未建立，但肠道微生态无疑为理解息肉病因和探索新的干预靶点(如益生菌、饮食调节)开辟了全新视角。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec2dot6">
        <title>2.6. 炎症性肠病(IBD)与结直肠息肉</title>
        <p>炎症性肠病(IBD)与结直肠息肉和结直肠癌之间存在明确关联[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>]，IBD患者息肉发生率显著高于普通人群，溃疡性结肠炎(UC)风险高于克罗恩病(CD)。在UC相关的结直肠癌(CAC)中，慢性炎症引发的免疫反应被认为是癌变的独立危险因素。炎症后息肉(PIPs)是内镜下严重炎症的可见标志，患有PIPs的IBD患者结直肠肿瘤发生率可能增加[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>]。其机制主要是促炎细胞因子会引发慢性肠道炎症、组织损伤、致癌和疾病的延续，并抑制炎症性肠病的消退[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>]。大多数指南建议IBD患者在症状出现8年后进行初步筛查结肠镜并进行活检，以评估疾病范围并确定是否需要持续监测[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>]。溃疡性结肠炎疾病持续时间增加，结肠炎相关癌症的风险增加[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>]。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec2dot7">
        <title>2.7. 药物与结直肠息肉</title>
        <p>研究显示，多种药物可能影响CRC的发生风险，其中以阿司匹林、非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)、激素类药物的作用最为显著[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref>]。阿司匹林的防癌效应已被大样本研究证实：一项涵盖超过94,000名参与者的研究表明，70岁之前每天服用阿司匹林者的参与者患CRC的风险显著低于未持续服用者。同样有研究证明长期使用低剂量阿司匹林能减少晚期腺瘤的发病风险及结肠癌的复发风险[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>]-[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref>]。大量研究证实[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref>]，NSAIDs在家族性腺瘤性息肉病(FAP)的治疗中起到了积极作用，可使息肉缩小并减少其癌变率。在瑞典的一项队列研究中发现，激素替代疗法可显著降低女性患CRC的风险[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>]，并且在研究中发现其还与CRC存活率的提高有关[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref>]。其他药物的防癌作用也得到相关研究支持：长期反复使用抗生素影响肠道微生物的组成可能是结直肠息肉发生和癌变的重要因素之一[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>]。在糖尿病患者中，使用二甲双胍与CRC风险降低相关[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref>]；此外，Cheung等[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>]提出，高脂血症患者长期服用他汀类药物，可通过降低血脂水平减少结直肠息肉发生率，进而降低非进展期腺瘤发展为CRC的风险，其剂量–效应关系显著：累积剂量最高组风险降低最明显。尽管阿司匹林、非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)与激素替代疗法(HRT)均被证实对结直肠癌具有一定预防作用，然而其内在的风险特性——例如引发出血、增加心血管疾病发生概率以及潜在升高其他类型癌症的发病风险——导致这些药物在作为结直肠癌广泛性预防策略时，其应用范围与可行性受到显著制约。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec2dot8">
        <title>2.8. 其他因素</title>
        <p>结直肠息肉发生及发展的影响因素较多，随着研究的进行，胃息肉、非酒精性肝病、种族和心理等因素日益受到关注。相关研究表明，胃肠息肉家族史为胃息肉合并结直肠息肉的危险因素，陈雨霏的研究印证了该观点[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref>]。在CHEN W [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref>]等的研究中，非酒精性肝病患者发生结直肠息肉风险增加，并且其严重程度与结直肠腺瘤风险呈正相关，但与结直肠癌风险无关，这与胡盛龙[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref>]等的研究结果相一致。在国外一项研究中发现，黑色人种结直肠肿瘤性息肉的发病率比白色人种高，而白人的结直肠肿瘤性息肉发病率较西班牙裔高[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref>]。具有结直肠息肉的患者相较于其他患者更加的焦虑和抑郁[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref>]。</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec3">
      <title>3. 总结</title>
      <p>结直肠息肉是多种危险因素相互作用的结果，其中CRA是CRC重要的癌前病变，其危险因素研究具有重大的预防医学价值。因此对结直肠息肉的早期检测及干预可以有效阻遏息肉走向癌变。本文对CRA患者的相关危险因素进行了综述，CRA与年龄、性别、体重指数、相关代谢性疾病、生活行为方式、肿瘤家族史、肠道微生态等均关系密切。目前对基因分子层面的研究较少，未来需加强对结直肠息肉发生的分子机制的研究及探讨。最后，基于危险因素构建的分层筛查策略已逐渐成为临床共识与实践指南的核心，指导着结肠镜等资源向高危人群精准倾斜。做到早预防、早发现、早治疗，避免息肉恶变的发生，减少结直肠癌给患者带来的危害。未来研究可聚焦于通过个体化医疗、精准医学视角来优化CRA风险评估模型，通过更有效的方法对CRA进行早期诊断，为患者提供个性化的预防与治疗方案。</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec4">
      <title>NOTES</title>
      <p><sup>*</sup>通讯作者。</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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