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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">hjce</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Hans Journal of Civil Engineering</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2326-3466</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2326-3458</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>汉斯出版社</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12677/hjce.2026.154080</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">hjce-139081</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>工程技术</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>纤维固废免蒸压加气混凝土研究综述</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>A Review of Fiber Solid Waste Non-Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Research</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>李</surname>
            <given-names>梓健</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>王</surname>
            <given-names>学志</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>朱</surname>
            <given-names>林</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>王</surname>
            <given-names>大治</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1"><label>1</label> 辽宁工业大学土木建筑工程学院，辽宁 锦州 </aff>
      <aff id="aff2"><label>2</label> 营口市交通技术工程有限公司，辽宁 营口 </aff>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>15</volume>
      <issue>04</issue>
      <fpage>58</fpage>
      <lpage>67</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="published">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© 2026 Hans Publishers Inc. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="open-access">
          <license-p> This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link> ). </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri content-type="doi" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.12677/hjce.2026.154080">https://doi.org/10.12677/hjce.2026.154080</self-uri>
      <abstract>
        <p>全固废免蒸压加气混凝土是契合“双碳”战略与循环经济的低碳环保新型建筑材料通过100%消纳工业固废、摒弃传统蒸压工艺及水泥等非固废原料，实现“以废治废”与节能减排的双重目标。当前该类材料普遍面临抗压强度不足、长期稳定性欠佳、易开裂等问题，而玄武岩纤维表面粗糙且富含羟基，与水泥基胶凝材料界面粘结性强，既能促进水化产物(如C-S-H凝胶)沉积、细化孔隙结构，又能凭借高抗拉强度和韧性桥接微裂缝，显著提升制品力学性能与耐久性。本文回顾了加气混凝土来源及其材料特性，而后概述了各类固体废物在基于纤维加气混凝土中作为部分或全部替代物对加气混凝土的力学性能和耐久性影响。最后，讨论并给出了纤维固废在加气混凝土中进一步应用和研究的建议。</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>All-solid-waste autoclave-free aerated concrete is a low-carbon, environmentally friendly new building material that aligns with the “dual carbon” strategy and circular economy. By fully utilizing industrial solid waste, abandoning traditional autoclaving processes, and avoiding non-solid-waste raw materials such as cement, it achieves the dual goals of “treating waste with waste” and reducing emissions. Currently, this type of material generally faces issues such as insufficient compressive strength, poor long-term stability, and susceptibility to cracking. Basalt fibers, with their rough surface and abundant hydroxyl groups, exhibit strong interfacial bonding with cement-based binders. They can not only promote the deposition of hydration products (such as C-S-H gel) and refine the pore structure but also bridge microcracks with high tensile strength and toughness, significantly improving the mechanical properties and durability of the products. This paper reviews the sources and material characteristics of aerated concrete, and then summarizes the effects of various solid wastes used as partial or full substitutes in fiber-reinforced aerated concrete on its mechanical properties and durability. Finally, it discusses and provides recommendations for further applications and research of fiber-reinforced solid waste in aerated concrete.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated" xml:lang="zh">
        <kwd>全固废免蒸压加气混凝土</kwd>
        <kwd>纤维</kwd>
        <kwd>微观结构</kwd>
        <kwd>多元固废协同</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated" xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>All-Solid-Waste Non-Autoclaved Aerated Concrete</kwd>
        <kwd>Fiber</kwd>
        <kwd>Microstructure</kwd>
        <kwd>Synergistic Use of Multiple Solid Wastes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec id="sec1">
      <title>1. 引言</title>
      <p>社会的发展和人类的生存永远离不开能源。近些年来，随着全世界能源危机的出现，能源领域的问题已经备受各国人民的关注。随着人们生活质量的提高和社会的发展，社会的总能耗的增加是一种必然的趋势。2025年1月18日，中国建筑节能协会和重庆大学在北京联合发布了《2024中国城乡建设领域碳排放研究报告》2022年全国建筑与建筑业建造碳排放总量51.3亿tCO<sub>2</sub>，占全国能源相关碳排放48.3% [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]，建筑行业绿色转型已成为必然趋势。</p>
      <p>全固废免蒸压加气混凝土以粉煤灰、磷石膏、钢渣、电石渣等工业固废为核心原料，无需高温蒸压养护，单位体积生产能耗较普通混凝土降低约70%，不仅能破解我国工业固废累计堆存量超38亿吨带来的土地占用与环境污染难题，还能通过低成本固废原料替代高价水泥，并省去蒸压釜设备投资，大幅降低生产成本。</p>
      <p>本文回顾了加气混凝土来源及其材料特性，而后概述了各类固体废物在基于纤维加气混凝土中作为部分或全部替代物对加气混凝土的力学性能和耐久性影响。最后，讨论并给出了纤维固废在加气混凝土中进一步应用和研究的建议。</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec2">
      <title>2. 研究背景及其意义</title>
      <p>近年来，在国家双碳目标要求和人们环保意识增强下，传统建筑材料生产模式面临资源匮乏与环境污染的双重困境[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]。全固废免蒸压加气混凝土作为一种新型建筑材料，凭借其轻质、高强、绿色以及优异的保温、隔热性能脱颖而出[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>]。其生产过程无需高温蒸压养护，显著降低了能耗与成本，与普通混凝土相比，单位体积生产能耗降低约70%，与粘土砖相比降低约40% [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>]。</p>
      <p>当前，免蒸压加气混凝土的制备常采用循环流化床粉煤灰、磷石膏、铁尾矿、稻壳灰、煤矸石、钼尾矿等多种工业固废。然而，该类材料的制备仍普遍依赖水泥或石灰，二者成本较高且存在环境负担，与国家绿色发展战略存在一定偏差。因此，亟需开发可替代水泥或石灰的绿色环保材料。电石渣作为乙炔生产过程中排放的富钙工业废渣，其CaO含量可达60%~95% (质量分数)，具备作为钙质原料替代生石灰制备免蒸压加气混凝土的潜力。</p>
      <p>根据加气混凝土主要原料的反应机理，蒸压加气混凝土的原材料主要包括硅质材料、钙质材料、发气材料和调节材料。其中，两类钙质固废可提供Ca<sup>2+</sup>并营造碱性环境。激发硅质固废活性，磷石膏(CaSO<sub>4</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O ≥ 85%)调节凝结时间、提高早期强度，钢渣(CaO 40%~55%)增强后期强度与抗冻性。25%磷石膏 + 15%钢渣 + 60%电石渣时，早期强度提升20%~30%，抗冻性增强15%~20%，适配冬季施工。30%浓度H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>作为发泡剂，分解产生O<sub>2</sub>气泡，孔径0.1~0.3 mm，反应温和无爆炸风险，优于传统铝粉。玄武岩纤维(抗拉强度 ≥ 3000 MPa)均匀分散于基体中，能有效抑制裂缝扩展，使产品抗压强度提升至4.0~5.0 MPa，抗折强度提高50%以上；同时，磷石膏中的硫酸根离子与钢渣、电石渣中的活性成分反应生成钙矾石，可优化孔结构(孔径分布集中在0.1~0.5 mm)，提升产品保温性能(导热系数 ≤ 0.12 W/(m·K))与抗冻性(冻融循环25次后强度损失率 ≤ 10%)。</p>
      <p>当前我国工业固废累计堆存量超300亿吨，其中粉煤灰年排放量约5亿吨、磷石膏超8000万吨、钢渣近1亿吨，大量固废露天堆存不仅占用耕地，还易引发土壤重金属污染、地下水渗漏等环境风险。本研究将粉煤灰、矿渣粉(硅质固废)与磷石膏、钢渣、电石渣(钙质固废)作为核心原料，原料中固废占比可达100%，突破传统加气混凝土部分掺加固废的局限。</p>
      <p>传统加气混凝土生产中，水泥、石灰等原生原料成本占比超60%，高温蒸压设备投资与能耗成本占比约30%，导致产品利润空间狭窄。一是工业固废原料采购成本低，可使原料成本降低约40%~50%；二是免蒸压工艺省去蒸压釜设备投资，同时降低能耗成本。</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec3">
      <title>3. 研究现状</title>
      <sec id="sec3dot1">
        <title>3.1. 固废加气混凝土研究现状</title>
        <p>固体废弃物在加气混凝土行业的应用正逐渐成为推动建筑材料可持续发展的重要途径。各类固体废物如粉煤灰、尾矿渣等被有效转化为低活性矿物掺合料，不仅提高了资源的利用效率，还减少了环境污染。活性固体废弃物主要化学成分如表1所示。非活性固体废弃物主要化学成分如表2所示。</p>
        <p>Pachideh [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>]等采用粒化高炉矿渣替代水泥，其研究结果表明，粒化高炉矿渣可使蒸压加气混凝土的抗压强度提高172%，吸水率降低35%。2019年，El-Didamony [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>]等则对比了偏高岭土和粒化高炉矿渣作为水泥替代物对蒸压加气混凝土性能的影响，发现矿渣和偏高岭土对料浆发气高度影响不大，但与偏高岭土相比，矿渣可以显著提高蒸压加气混凝土的力学性能，最佳掺量可以达到10%。</p>
        <p>2016年陈建军[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>]在常青树建材(福建)开发有限公司通过小模试验和中试实验在一定条件下矿渣粉可替代水泥用量30%~40%，而且能很好地保证加气混凝土制品的性能。2020年宋起运[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>]等通过试验研究了养护制度对矿渣加气混凝土导热系数的影响，发现其导热系数影响程度为标准养护 &gt; 蒸汽养护 &gt; 蒸压养护。截至2020年，我国拥有约2000家加气混凝土生产企业，年生产能力接近3亿立方米，占据了国内墙体材料需求3/5。</p>
        <p>李春[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>]等采用免蒸压工艺，研究了钼尾矿、水泥、石灰及矿渣对加气混凝土性能的影响。制备出了免蒸压加气混凝土抗压强度为3.12 MPa，干密度为660 kg/m<sup>3</sup>。 </p>
        <p>檀星[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>]等利用粉煤灰、电石渣、矿渣粉替代生石灰制备全固废加气混凝土，须经过高温蒸压养护后，才能生成提高强度的水化产物水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)凝胶、托贝莫来石及水石榴石。</p>
        <p>Guo [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>]等采用粉煤灰、高炉渣和赤泥替代部分水泥制备免蒸压加气混凝土，虽免蒸压加气混凝土表现出更为优异的力学性能，但所用的原材料非全固废。</p>
        <p>Chen [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>]等在常温常压下用岩棉炉底渣、铝粉、水玻璃和NaOH为原材料制备全固废免蒸压加气混凝土，形成的强度等级较为单一。</p>
        <p>韩林岩[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>]等测得循环流化床粉煤灰掺量和电石渣掺量对全固废免蒸压加气混凝土抗压强度的影响为极显著，水胶比对全固废免蒸压加气混凝土抗压强度的影响为显著;所建立的回归模型有效且可信度高；采用最优配合比时，循环流化床粉煤灰基全固废免蒸压加气混凝土抗压强度为3.41 MPa，干密度为545 kg/m<sup>3</sup>，满足GB/T 11968-2020《蒸压加气混凝土砌块》规范中A2.5B05等级要求。</p>
        <p>姚贤华[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>]等使用电石渣替代生石灰制备了全固废免蒸压加气混凝土，研究了钙硅比(Ca/Si)、水胶比(W/B)、碱激发剂模数(M)、羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)掺量及养护条件等主要工艺参数对全固废免蒸压加气混凝土流动性、发泡曲线、断面孔隙、吸水率、干密度和抗压强度等物理力学性能的影响。</p>
        <p>Wang Chao-qiang等[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>]利用油基钻屑热解残渣和水泥，粉煤灰组成胶凝材料制备免蒸压加气混凝土，通过红外光谱分析证明了油基钻屑的火山灰活性，并且发现水胶比对免蒸压加气混凝土的密度，抗压强度等都有重要的影响。</p>
        <p>彭小芹[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>]以黄磷生产过程中产生的工业废渣——磷渣为主要原料，辅以少量粉煤灰与水泥，系统研究了发气剂掺量、水玻璃模数等工艺参数的影响，优化了配合比设计，成功制备出符合GB 11965-2006《蒸压加气混凝土砌块》强度要求的免蒸压加气混凝土。然而，该材料存在收缩较大的问题，尚需进一步优化。</p>
        <p><bold>Table 1</bold><bold>.</bold> Main chemical components of active solid waste</p>
        <p><bold>表</bold><bold>1</bold><bold>.</bold> 活性固体废弃物主要化学成分</p>
        <table-wrap id="tbl1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <table>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">Type of active solid waste</td>
                <td colspan="5">Mass fraction/%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  SiO
                  <sub>2</sub>
                </td>
                <td>
                  Al
                  <sub>2</sub>
                  O
                  <sub>3</sub>
                </td>
                <td>CaO</td>
                <td>MgO</td>
                <td>
                  Fe
                  <sub>2</sub>
                  O
                  <sub>3</sub>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Combustion ash</td>
                <td>Circulating fluidized bed combustion ash</td>
                <td>33.15</td>
                <td>29.08</td>
                <td>18.15</td>
                <td>1.23</td>
                <td>3.55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Rice husk ash</td>
                <td>92.80</td>
                <td>0.15</td>
                <td>0.70</td>
                <td>0.77</td>
                <td>0.17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>93.70</td>
                <td>0.40</td>
                <td>0.92</td>
                <td>—</td>
                <td>0.28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="6">Combustion slag</td>
                <td rowspan="3">Cinder</td>
                <td>57.89</td>
                <td>23.66</td>
                <td>—</td>
                <td>2.88</td>
                <td>3.39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>46.32</td>
                <td>27.15</td>
                <td>6.12</td>
                <td>0.86</td>
                <td>7.98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>54.50</td>
                <td>15.40</td>
                <td>4.69</td>
                <td>4.26</td>
                <td>11.16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Municipal solid waste incineration</td>
                <td>50.16</td>
                <td>7.59</td>
                <td>19.29</td>
                <td>—</td>
                <td>4.49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50.11</td>
                <td>5.71</td>
                <td>17.04</td>
                <td>0.95</td>
                <td>2.31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>54.70</td>
                <td>11.80</td>
                <td>12.70</td>
                <td>3.10</td>
                <td>7.80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Zeolite waste</td>
                <td>93.92</td>
                <td>0.55</td>
                <td>0.16</td>
                <td>1.48</td>
                <td>0.23</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>韩福强[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>]探讨了以电石渣替代石灰生产蒸压加气混凝土的可行性。研究发现，电石渣中的钙主要以Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>和CaCO<sub>3</sub>形式存在，其替代石灰会影响铝粉发气过程，导致坯体初始强度偏低。针对这一问题，采用“外补热”工艺并结合外加剂对原料进行活性激发，最终使电石渣对石灰的替代率最高可达50%。</p>
        <p>范俊杰[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>]等同样研究了电石渣替代生石灰作为钙质原料在蒸压加气混凝土中的应用。尽管电石渣能为料浆发气提供所需碱度，但由于其无法提供热量，导致铝粉发气与料浆稠化速率减缓。通过将料浆温度提高至60℃，可获得最佳发气效果。</p>
        <p>Sun [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>]等以电石渣为钙质材料完全替代生石灰制备蒸压加气混凝土。研究表明，电石渣不规则表面引发的“水锁”效应增加了料浆稠度，加之料浆温度降低，共同导致铝粉发泡率下降及制品物理力学性能劣化。在料浆中添加0.25%的碳酸钠，可促进水泥水化进程，加速浆体强度发展并缩短预养护时间，同时显著改善发泡性能，促进托贝莫来石生成。</p>
        <p>Wu [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]等等采用高温煅烧处理后的高钙煤矸石替代生石灰制备蒸压加气混凝土。高温煅烧使煤矸石中方解石分解为生石灰，确保料浆稠化过程与发气过程良好匹配。煅烧后的高钙煤矸石中钙主要以CaO、Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>、CaSO<sub>4</sub>及CaCO<sub>3</sub>形式存在。该材料的掺入对托贝莫来石的强度与微观形貌影响较小，但有效改善了加气混凝土的孔结构，从而提升其抗压强度与比强度。当高钙煤矸石完全替代生石灰时，制得的加气混凝土绝干密度为600 kg/m<sup>3</sup>，抗压强度达4.57 MPa。</p>
        <p><bold>Table 2</bold><bold>.</bold> Main chemical components of inert solid waste</p>
        <p><bold>表</bold><bold>2</bold><bold>.</bold> 非活性固体废弃物主要化学成分</p>
        <table-wrap id="tbl2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <table>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">Type of inactive solid waste</td>
                <td colspan="5">Mass fraction/%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  SiO
                  <sub>2</sub>
                </td>
                <td>
                  Al
                  <sub>2</sub>
                  O
                  <sub>3</sub>
                </td>
                <td>CaO</td>
                <td>MgO</td>
                <td>
                  Fe
                  <sub>2</sub>
                  O
                  <sub>3</sub>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="8">Tailing</td>
                <td>Iron tailings</td>
                <td>60~80</td>
                <td>1~3</td>
                <td>2~10</td>
                <td>1~3</td>
                <td>5~20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Quartz tailings</td>
                <td>86.80</td>
                <td>8.22</td>
                <td>0.10</td>
                <td>—</td>
                <td>1.71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gold tailings</td>
                <td>77.21</td>
                <td>14.54</td>
                <td>1.85</td>
                <td>0.93</td>
                <td>1.79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Lithium tailings</td>
                <td>77.10</td>
                <td>12.12</td>
                <td>1.43</td>
                <td>0.03</td>
                <td>2.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tungsten tailings</td>
                <td>83.33</td>
                <td>4.86</td>
                <td>0.34</td>
                <td>1.21</td>
                <td>1.91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Lead zine tailings</td>
                <td>49.56</td>
                <td>14.30</td>
                <td>3.75</td>
                <td>2.40</td>
                <td>8.74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Copper tailings</td>
                <td>43.97</td>
                <td>3.35</td>
                <td>15.49</td>
                <td>23.20</td>
                <td>3.21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Palladium platinum tailings</td>
                <td>47.58</td>
                <td>5.77</td>
                <td>16.67</td>
                <td>11.53</td>
                <td>15.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="5">Waste residue</td>
                <td>Quartz residue</td>
                <td>92.00</td>
                <td>0.91</td>
                <td>0.08</td>
                <td>1.04</td>
                <td>1.22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Silica tails</td>
                <td>93.22</td>
                <td>2.14</td>
                <td>0.81</td>
                <td>0.31</td>
                <td>0.86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ceramic waste</td>
                <td>69.27</td>
                <td>15.90</td>
                <td>0.59</td>
                <td>1.05</td>
                <td>1.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Electrolytic manganese residues</td>
                <td>35.21</td>
                <td>10.85</td>
                <td>9.86</td>
                <td>2.24</td>
                <td>5.29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ceramic tile polishing mud</td>
                <td>67.30</td>
                <td>15.00</td>
                <td>1.71</td>
                <td>2.46</td>
                <td>—</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Construction waste</td>
                <td rowspan="2">Waste concrete</td>
                <td>59.69</td>
                <td>6.06</td>
                <td>8.89</td>
                <td>0.91</td>
                <td>3.47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>48.29</td>
                <td>6.15</td>
                <td>25.81</td>
                <td>4.12</td>
                <td>3.64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Waste clay brick</td>
                <td>54.20</td>
                <td>15.40</td>
                <td>6.80</td>
                <td>2.50</td>
                <td>7.60</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec3dot2">
        <title>3.2. 纤维加气混凝土研究现状</title>
        <p>纤维加气混凝土是以一种将短纤维加入加气混凝土制备而成的复合材料。短纤维可对加气混凝土内部进行加固，通过桥接宏观和微观裂纹提高混凝土延性，并提高混凝土的强度和抗裂性[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>]。为了提高力学性能和耐久性，在加气混凝土中加入纤维(如玄武岩纤维、植物纤维等)，核心作用是通过三维随机分布的“骨架增强”效应，靶向解决加气混凝土自身脆性大、强度不足、易开裂的固有缺陷，同时进一步强化其环保与应用价值，具体优点显著：既能借助纤维的高抗拉强度和韧性，桥接内部微裂缝、抑制裂缝扩展，大幅提升制品的抗压强度(20%~40%)、抗折强度(30%~60%)及抗冲击性能，减少运输和使用中的破损风险；又能优化内部孔隙结构，细化孔径、降低连通孔比例，提升体积稳定性和耐久性，减少干缩开裂与吸水率，延长建材使用寿命；且适配绿色发展趋势，优质纤维(如玄武岩纤维)可采用天然原料或工业固废制备，生产能耗低、可降解无环境残留，还能助力提升加气混凝土中固废掺量，减少水泥等胶凝材料用量，降低全生命周期能耗与碳排放，同时实现制品轻量化与高强度兼顾，拓展其在承重墙体、公共建筑、工业厂房等更多场景的应用，形成性能升级和环保协同的双重优势。</p>
        <p>3.2.1. 纤维加气混凝土力学性能</p>
        <p>纤维的引入可以增强水泥基材料的抗裂性和韧性，同时提供更好的隔热和隔音性能。此外，纤维的加入还有助于提高材料的抗冲击性能和耐久性，部分纤维种类、掺量对加气混凝土力学性能的体现如表3所示。</p>
        <p>高巍[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]通过将椰壳纤维作为增强体，制备出了干密度639.1 kg/m<sup>3</sup>、抗压强度6.88 MPa、抗折强度2.76 MPa的高性能椰壳纤维加气混凝土。采用椰壳纤维作为增强体制备椰壳纤维加气混凝土，相较于未掺加纤维加气混凝土，其抗压强度和抗折强度分别提高了15.6%和58.6%。对椰壳纤维表面进行化学改性，制备出了干密度643.1 kg/m<sup>3</sup>、抗压强度7.34 MPa、抗折强度3.21 MPa的改性椰壳纤维加气混凝土。相较于普通加气混凝土，其抗压强度和抗折强度分别提高了23.4%和84.5%。</p>
        <p>李培兵[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]等研究了不同体积掺量的菠萝叶纤维和苎麻纤维对水泥基材料弯曲性能的影响。实验结果显示，随着纤维掺量的增加，材料的弯曲韧性和抗折强度均得到显著提升，而抗压强度则呈现下降趋势。特别是在体积掺量为2%时，菠萝叶纤维的增韧效果明显优于相同掺量下的苎麻纤维。</p>
        <p>张林[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]等研究不同木纤维掺量对加气混凝土料浆流动性、发气效率、体积密度、孔隙率、力学性能、导热系数、物相组成和微观结构的影响。结果表明，适量掺加木纤维能显著增强加气混凝土的抗压、抗弯和抗拉强度，尤其是当木纤维掺量为0.4%时，力学性能达到最大值。木纤维的加入降低了料浆的流动性和发气效率，但改善了孔隙结构，使孔隙分布更均匀，孔径更小。</p>
        <p>卜显忠[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]等以竹纤维为增强材料制备B06级加气混凝土。结果表明，随着竹纤维掺量的增加，加气混凝土的流动性和发气高度逐渐下降，干密度增大，抗压和抗折强度先提高后降低，竹纤维的最佳掺量为0.3%。</p>
        <p>Xu [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>]等利用废弃松木生产的木纤维增强加气混凝土的性能。结果表明，木纤维与加气混凝土基体之间的粘附性良好，这有助于提高加气混凝土的机械性能。随着木纤维含量的增加，加气混凝土的流动性、膨胀高度和孔隙率降低，而体积密度和热导率略有增加。</p>
        <p>2025年陈畅[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>]采用X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜分析其微观结构研究了纤维长度和掺量对磷酸镁基免蒸压加气混凝土物理、力学和耐水性能的影响，纤维可以降低干密度并提高抗压和抗折强度。</p>
        <p><bold>Table 3.</bold>Effects of fiber types and content on the mechanical properties of aerated concrete</p>
        <p><bold>表</bold><bold>3.</bold> 纤维种类、掺量对加气混凝土力学性能的体现</p>
        <table-wrap id="tbl3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <table>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>纤维类型</td>
                <td>掺量(质量分数，%)</td>
                <td>抗压强度(MPa)</td>
                <td>抗折强度(MPa)</td>
                <td>抗压强度提升率(%)</td>
                <td>抗折强度提升率(%)</td>
                <td>界面粘结强度(MPa)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>无纤维(基准)</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>4.2</td>
                <td>1.3</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>玄武岩纤维</td>
                <td>0.4</td>
                <td>5.3</td>
                <td>1.9</td>
                <td>26.2</td>
                <td>46.2</td>
                <td>2.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PP 纤维</td>
                <td>0.4</td>
                <td>4.8</td>
                <td>2.2</td>
                <td>14.3</td>
                <td>69.2</td>
                <td>2.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>玄武岩 + PP纤维</td>
                <td>0.2 + 0.2</td>
                <td>5.7</td>
                <td>2.4</td>
                <td>35.7</td>
                <td>84.6</td>
                <td>3.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>耐碱玻璃纤维</td>
                <td>0.3</td>
                <td>4.9</td>
                <td>1.7</td>
                <td>16.7</td>
                <td>30.8</td>
                <td>2.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>改性玄武岩纤维</td>
                <td>0.4</td>
                <td>6.1</td>
                <td>2.3</td>
                <td>45.2</td>
                <td>76.9</td>
                <td>3.8</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>3.2.2. 纤维微观研究</p>
        <p>SEM分析结果表明，玄武岩纤维与碱性混合物发生化学作用，纤维表面被腐蚀。玄武岩纤维表面形成的水化产物阻止了进一步的腐蚀。聚丙烯纤维与胶凝基质的粘结性较弱，纤维与基体之间没有足够的摩擦力，提出了一种利用纤维的机械压痕来改善纤维与基体的摩擦结合的新方法。</p>
        <p>加气混凝土的多孔结构如<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">图1(a)</xref>所示，<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">图1(b)</xref>中可见少量因自由水蒸发形成的微孔。由<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">图1(d)</xref>和<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">图1(e)</xref>可知，聚丙烯纤维贯穿大孔或分布在孔壁中，断裂面未见纤维断裂。如<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">图1(f)</xref>所示，纤维表面附着少量水化产物，这有利于提升纤维与基体的黏结性能，从而充分发挥纤维的增强、增韧和阻裂作用，表明其增强机制源于纤维与基体间的物理相互作用。</p>
        <p>在<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">图1(c)</xref>中，观察到大量的钙矾石和C-S-H凝胶，是加气混凝土强度的主要来源之一[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>]。如<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">图1(g)</xref>所示，在加气混凝土断裂面上似乎没有完整的玄武岩纤维，玄武岩纤维的弹性模量较高，不易发生变形，当加气混凝土发生载荷开裂时，玄武岩纤维与加气混凝土基体同时断裂。从<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">图1(h)</xref>与<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">图1(i)</xref>中可以看出玄武岩纤维表面附有水化产物结合，因为玄武岩纤维的主要化学成分是SiO<sub>2</sub>，可以推断部分玄武岩纤维在碱性基质中参与了水化反应，在玄武岩纤维表面形成了水化硅酸钙，说明玄武岩纤维与加气混凝土基体的黏附性较好。</p>
        <fig id="fig1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/2752541-rId12.jpeg?20260407014359" />
        </fig>
        <p><bold>Figure 1.</bold>SEM image of aerated concrete sample [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>]</p>
        <p><bold>图</bold><bold>1.</bold>加气混凝土试样的SEM图像[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>]</p>
        <p>当纤维掺量的提升时，纤维与液相组分间的相互作用增强，导致浆料流动性下降，进而使加气混凝土的干密度增大。此外，纤维含量对加气混凝土的力学性能呈现非单调影响：抗压强度与抗折强度均随纤维掺量增加先上升后下降，在纤维质量分数为0.3%时达到峰值。值得注意的是，抗折强度的增幅较抗压强度更为显著，这一现象与加气混凝土的破坏机制密切相关。</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec4">
      <title>4. 结论</title>
      <p>通过对国内外关于固废免蒸压加气混凝土相关研究的系统梳理，可以清楚地看到，学者们从理论建构到实践应用，从宏观政策到微观机制，都进行了较为深入的探讨，也为推动这种材料的发展奠定了扎实的基础。不过，在肯定这些成果的同时，也能发现研究领域内仍存在着一些值得进一步探讨与完善的地方。</p>
      <p>一方面，尽管现有研究在利用固废促进环保方面取得了不小的进展，但在某些学术观点上仍存在分歧，理论框架也展现出一定的局限性。比如，针对高掺量固废制品的长期性能稳定性，以及在低碳养护工艺中如何做出更优选择这类核心问题，不同学者曾提出过多种解释路径与验证方法，但至今尚未形成广泛共识——有研究证实，当固废掺量超过80%时，制品短期内能够达到性能标准，但若将其置于长期服役环境中，其强度稳定性数据尚不充分。再如，二氧化碳矿化养护与免蒸压养护在能耗与成本方面的系统对比，也尚未建立起成熟的评价体系，这从侧面反映出该研究领域的复杂性与探索难度。此外，当前的理论研究多集中于单一固废体系，对于多种固废混合后的动态作用机制，相关研究仍显不足，理论框架的完整性与适用性仍有进一步提升的空间。</p>
      <p>从研究方法的角度来看，部分研究在数据收集与分析手段上也存在改进空间，以便使研究结论更具可靠性与推广价值。比如，现阶段不少实证研究在地域上集中于河南、浙江等少数省份，所采用的固废类型也以粉煤灰为主，导致样本的代表性受到一定限制；在性能评价方面，多数研究仍侧重于抗压强度与干密度等常规指标，而对影响长期使用效果的关键因素如抗冻性、导热系数等关注不足。同时，研究方法上以响应面法和正交试验为主，手段较为同质化，尚未广泛引入大数据分析、人工智能等现代技术手段以提升研究的深度与广度。</p>
      <p>另一方面，随着“双碳”目标的持续推进以及新型建筑工业化的不断深入，固废免蒸压加气混凝土领域既面临新的机遇，也需应对多重挑战。例如，分子动力学模拟、机器学习等前沿技术的不断涌现，为多固废协同激发机制的研究及配合比的智能优化开辟了新的可能，但同时也对传统材料研究方法与理论体系提出了更高要求。与此同时，跨区域固废资源化利用的推进，以及中小企业在低碳技术落地方面的现实需求，也要求该领域加快突破现有技术与成本层面的双重瓶颈。因此，未来的研究应更加注重跨学科的融合与创新思维的引入，以探索出更加契合时代发展需求的固废免蒸压加气混凝土发展模式与实践路径。</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec5">
      <title>5. 发展趋势与展望</title>
      <p>结合固废免蒸压加气混凝土当前的研究状况以及现存的不足之处，未来的发展有必要从理论体系与实证方法两个维度实现系统性的升级。</p>
      <p>(1) 从理论层面来看，需要突破过去单一固废体系与孤立养护模式的局限，深入研究如“粉煤灰 + 钢渣 + 建筑垃圾”等多固废混合场景下的界面反应机制，通过分子动力学模拟、微观表征等手段，把固废活性激发的协同作用机理给揭示出来，进而建立起多固废动态活性激发的理论模型。与此同时，还得开展常温免蒸压与碳矿化协同养护的机制研究，构建起连通“养护工艺、微观结构、宏观性能”的耦合模型。再通过加速老化试验，去探究高掺量固废制品在长期服役过程中的性能演化规律，并把衰减预测模型也建立起来，以此来填补理论上的空白与争议。</p>
      <p>(2) 在实证方法层面，则需要扩大跨气候区、跨固废来源的样本覆盖范围，在抗压强度、干密度等常规指标的基础上，新增抗冻性、导热系数、耐久性这类关乎长期使用性能的指标，搭建起一个兼顾短期达标与长期稳定的全维度评价体系。同时，研究方法也不能再局限于响应面法、正交试验这些传统手段，得引入机器学习与大数据分析，构建能够预测“固废特性–配合比–养护工艺–制品性能”之间关系的智能模型，再结合数字孪生技术对生产过程进行动态模拟，从而提升研究的科学性与普适性。</p>
    </sec>
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