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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ms</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Material Sciences</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2160-7621</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2160-7613</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>汉斯出版社</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12677/ms.2026.164070</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ms-139156</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>化学与材料</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>多维协同MXene/CNT/NiCoS复合电极的制备及其柔性超电性能研究</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Preparation of Multi-Dimensional Synergistic MXene/CNT/NiCoS Composite Electrode and Investigation on Its Flexible Supercapacitor Performance</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>闫</surname>
            <given-names>丽茹</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>范</surname>
            <given-names>宴齐</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>刘</surname>
            <given-names>洋</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>孙</surname>
            <given-names>士帅</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1"><label>1</label> 天津理工大学理学院，天津市量子光学与智能光子学重点实验室，天津 </aff>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>16</volume>
      <issue>04</issue>
      <fpage>35</fpage>
      <lpage>44</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="published">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© 2026 Hans Publishers Inc. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="open-access">
          <license-p> This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link> ). </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri content-type="doi" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.12677/ms.2026.164070">https://doi.org/10.12677/ms.2026.164070</self-uri>
      <abstract>
        <p>本研究构建了一种MXene/CNT/NiCoS多维协同复合电极材料。通过真空抽滤将一维碳纳米管(CNT)插入二维MXene层间形成导电网络，再经水热法在复合结构中生长NiCoS纳米块，充分发挥MXene的柔性基底、CNT的导电桥梁与NiCoS的赝电容活性三重优势。所制图案化柔性超级电容器在0.5 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>电流密度下面积比电容达270.71 mF/cm<sup>2</sup>，在4.6 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>功率密度下能量密度为156.2 μWh/cm<sup>2</sup>。器件表现出优异的机械柔性：180˚弯曲电容保持率96%，5000次循环后保持率88.5%，连续弯折2000次后仍保持84%，展现了在便携式柔性储能领域的应用潜力。</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>In this study, a multi-dimensional synergistic MXene/CNT/NiCoS composite electrode material was constructed. One-dimensional carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were inserted into the interlayers of two-dimensional MXene via vacuum filtration to form a conductive network. NiCoS nano-blocks were then grown in the composite structure through a hydrothermal process, which fully exploits the triple advantages of MXene as a flexible substrate, CNT as a conductive bridge, and NiCoS as a pseudocapacitive active material. The as-prepared patterned flexible supercapacitor achieves an areal capacitance of 270.71 mF/cm<sup>2</sup> at a current density of 0.5 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> and an energy density of 156.2 μWh/cm<sup>2</sup> at a power density of 4.6 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>. The device exhibits outstanding mechanical flexibility: 96% capacitance retention after 180˚ bending, 88.5% retention after 5000 cycles, and 84% retention even after 2000 consecutive bending cycles, demonstrating its promising application potential in portable flexible energy storage.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated" xml:lang="zh">
        <kwd>超级电容器</kwd>
        <kwd>复合材料</kwd>
        <kwd>碳纳米管</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated" xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Supercapacitor</kwd>
        <kwd>Composite Material</kwd>
        <kwd>Carbon Nanotube</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement>基金项目 科研立项经费支持 天津市科学技术普及项目(24KPXMRC00060)资助项目。</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec id="sec1">
      <title>1. 引言</title>
      <p>近年来，将不同维度纳米材料进行复合以突破单一材料的性能局限，已成为超级电容器电极材料领域的研究热点。在众多复合体系中，碳纳米管(CNT)因其良好的柔性和优异的导电性，在超级电容器领域的应用已趋于成熟，常被用作理想的柔性导电填料[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]。将CNT引入MXene基体制备的MXene/CNT气凝胶电极比表面积高达301 m<sup>2</sup>/g，在0.04 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>电流密度下展现出746.68 mF/cm<sup>2</sup>的面积比电容，充分说明CNT的插入可有效防止MXene片层堆叠，提升电极结构的开放性和离子可及性[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>]。在赝电容活性材料的选择上，三元金属硫化物NiCoS相较于二元硫化物表现出更优的电化学活性，其丰富的氧化还原反应位点和较高的理论电容值使其成为提升电极能量密度的理想选择。研究表明通过在Cu纳米网络中电沉积NiCoS，所制Cu@NiCoS电极在功率密度为10 μW/cm<sup>2</sup>时实现了0.48 μWh/cm<sup>2</sup>的能量密度，验证了NiCoS在纳米结构间隙中便捷生长并提升整体电化学性能的可行性[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>]。</p>
      <p>基于上述研究基础，本工作设计了一种多维协同的电极材料体系：以二维MXene为基底，引入一维碳纳米管作为层间支撑与导电桥梁，并通过水热反应在复合结构中生长NiCoS纳米块，构建出兼具高导电性、大比表面积和丰富电化学活性位点的图案化柔性电极。具体采用两步法制备多维复合电极材料，首先通过真空抽滤将多壁碳纳米管均匀插入手风琴状MXene的纳米片层之间形成三维导电网络骨架，随后以水热法在MXene/CNT复合结构的层间及表面原位生长NiCoS纳米块，最终获得MXene/CNT/NiCoS三元复合电极。该设计充分发挥了各维度的结构优势：MXene提供柔性基底和赝电容贡献，CNT构建导电网络并扩大层间距，NiCoS纳米块则提供丰富的法拉第反应位点。电化学测试结果表明，所制备的图案化柔性超级电容器在0.5 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>电流密度下面积比电容达到270.71 mF/cm<sup>2</sup>，在4.6 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>功率密度下器件能量密度可达156.2 μWh/cm<sup>2</sup>；值得关注的是该器件展现出优异的机械柔性，180˚弯曲状态下电容保持率达96%，5000次充放电循环后电容保持率为88.5%，即使在180˚极端弯曲条件下连续弯折2000次电容仍能保持初始值的84%，这一优异的柔性和循环稳定性表明多维复合结构有效缓解了电极在机械变形过程中的结构损伤，保障了长期使用可靠性。本研究构建的MXene/CNT/NiCoS多维复合电极材料通过多组分协同实现了电化学性能与机械柔性的同步提升，展现出作为下一代便携式柔性储能器件电极材料的良好应用前景。</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec2">
      <title>2. 实验部分</title>
      <sec id="sec2dot1">
        <title>2.1. 材料的制备</title>
        <p>在材料配比优化实验中，将商业化MXene与多壁碳纳米管分别按质量比1:2、1:1和2:1分散于30 mL去离子水中，通过真空抽滤获得复合滤渣。通过实验筛选出最佳MXene-CNT复合粉末后，进一步通过水热法生长NiCoS纳米结构。按NiCoS化学计量比分别称取Ni(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O、Co(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O和CH<sub>4</sub>N<sub>2</sub>S，溶解于乙二醇与去离子水体积比1:1的混合溶剂中，控制Ni<sup>2</sup><sup>+</sup>浓度为0.02 mol/L。将之前制备的最优化比例MXene-CNT粉末加入上述溶液，超声分散2小时使其均匀悬浮。随后将混合体系转移至50 mL聚四氟乙烯内衬的不锈钢反应釜中，密封后置于鼓风干燥箱，在120℃下反应6小时。自然冷却至室温后，依次用去离子水和乙醇洗涤产物，经真空抽滤收集固体，再于60℃真空干燥12小时，获得MXene/CNT/NiCoS复合粉末。将上述制备的活性材料与导电炭黑按质量比10:1置于研钵中充分研磨混合，随后倒入1~2 mL松油醇中持续搅拌30分钟，得到均匀分散的液体A；另取聚氨酯作为粘结剂，与松油醇以体积比1:5混合，在40℃加热条件下搅拌15分钟，冷却至室温形成粘稠液体B；最后在搅拌状态下将液体B缓慢滴入液体A中，获得活性材料电极浆料，密封静置待用。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec2dot2">
        <title>2.2. 器件的组装</title>
        <p>使用塑封机将光敏干膜(0.025 mm)涂覆在PET (0.05 mm)基板上。随后，将印有所需图案的透明印刷纸放在干膜上，形成透明的掩膜。将整个带有掩膜的衬底暴露在紫外光下4分钟，直到干膜未被遮挡的区域从浅蓝变为深蓝，这意味着未被遮挡的区域的溶解度发生变化，可以使用显影剂去除浅蓝区域，同时保留深蓝区域。由于浅蓝区域由目标图案掩膜形成，将其去除将在PET表面形成与目标图案相对应的凹陷区域。在5分钟的超声波清洗后，将干膜干燥，然后使用蒸发机在其上沉积薄膜电极。在蒸发银纳米薄膜时，蒸发过程的真空度为4.0 × 10<sup>−</sup><sup>3</sup> Pa，蒸发流速为2.0 Å/s。银纳米薄膜厚度约为100 nm。在金属膜电极的基础上，使用涂覆辊将MXene/CNT/NiCoS浆料涂覆至凹线填满。随后，在60℃下真空干燥1 h后去除干膜。最后，在互联电极间距区域沉积PVA-KOH凝胶电解质，适当干燥以形成隔离层，然后用密封胶密封组成微型柔性超级电容器。其中凝胶电解质的配制过程如下：称取3 g聚乙烯醇(PVA)溶于30 mL去离子水中，置于90℃水浴锅中持续搅拌至PVA完全溶解，溶液澄清透明后停止加热，取出冷却至室温。另取3 g氢氧化钾(KOH)溶于10 mL去离子水中，在搅拌条件下逐滴加入冷却后的PVA凝胶中，滴加完毕后继续室温搅拌1小时，得到均匀的PVA/KOH凝胶电解质，用于组装柔性超级电容器器件。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec2dot3">
        <title>2.3. 材料的表征</title>
        <p>X射线衍射(XRD, SmartLab 9KW)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS, ESCALAB250Xi)分别用来分析电极材料晶体结构、表面元素组成及价态信息。材料的形貌通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM, Tescan MIRA LMS)来进行表征。使用本实验方法直接制备的器件的CV、GCD和EIS在双电极系统中使用电化学工作站(AUTOLAB PGSTAT 302N)进行测试。此外，使用LAND电池测试系统(LAND Electronics, Wuhan)对器件的循环稳定性进行测试。用流变仪测量了浆料的流变学特性，通过静态柔性测试，将柔性超级电容器器件以一定弯曲角度进行弯曲，测量其容量保持率，以衡量器件在保持弯曲应力的情况下性能损耗情况。之后通过动态柔性测试，将器件反复弯曲至一定角度并测量其容量保持率，以模拟器件在穿戴时不断进行柔性变形后性能的损耗情况。</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec3">
      <title>3. 结构与讨论</title>
      <p>复合材料的形貌通过SEM表示，首先对MXene-CNT前驱体粉末进行表征。如<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">图1(a)</xref>，<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">图1(b)</xref>所示，MWCNT形貌与MXene形貌均为标准的管线状与手风琴状。将二者按比例进行真空抽滤后，在MXene:CNT为1:2时，CNT为多数，此时CNT不会插入MXene层中，而是会将其包裹，挤压MXene层使其无法张开(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">图1(c)</xref>、<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">图1(d)</xref>)，这显然会影响材料整体电子传输效率[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>]；在MXene:CNT为1:1时，MXene与CNT两者含量相当，无法通过抽滤结合到一起，反而开始各自团聚(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">图1(e)</xref>、<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">图1(f)</xref>)；在MXene:CNT为2:1时，MXene占多数，此时CNT可以按照实验预期悬挂在MXene外壁上以及进入其层间缝隙中，而且没有完全遮蔽MXene，可以增大整体材料比表面积以提升电化学性能[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>]。最终，本实验MXene-CNT前驱体中MXene:CNT比例确定为2:1。从力学与传输机理来看，2:1的最优配比下，CNT未过量包裹也未团聚，恰好以单根或束状嵌入MXene层间，既能撑开片层扩大离子传输通道，又能在电极受弯曲应力时，利用CNT自身高抗拉强度抵消部分形变作用力，防止MXene片层褶皱、断裂，同时搭建起高效电子传导通路，为后续NiCoS负载后的性能提升奠定结构基础。</p>
      <fig id="fig1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282154-rId12.jpeg?20260407040949" />
      </fig>
      <p><bold>Figure 1.</bold>(a) MXene morphology and (b) Morphology of MWCNT, with MXene to CNT ratios of 1:2 (c, d.), 1:1 (e, f.), and 2:1 (g, h.) after vacuum filtration</p>
      <p><bold>图</bold><bold>1</bold><bold>.</bold> (a) MWCNT形貌与(b) MXene形貌，MXene与CNT比例分别为1:2 (c, d.)、1:1 (e, f.)和2:1 (g, h.)真空抽滤后的形貌图</p>
      <p>之后在比例确定为2:1的前驱体上水热生长NiCoS。如<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">图2(a)~(c)</xref>所示CNT悬挂在MXene外壁上以及进入其层间缝隙中，NiCoS纳米块则生长在MXene-CNT的表面与插层中，此外，从<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">图2(d)</xref>中的Mapping图可以看出，Ni、Co和S元素分布在复合材料的表面与插层中，这证实了MXene/CNT/NiCoS复合电极材料插层结构的成功制备。</p>
      <p>我们使用XPS对MXene-CNT前驱体粉末和MXene/MWCNT/NiCoS复合材料粉末进行了表征，如<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">图3(a)</xref>所示。Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>的主要峰和MXene-CNT前驱体中MWCNTs额外的N 1s峰表明了Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>和MWCNTs的潜在键合。<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">图3(b)</xref>展示了MXene的C 1s精细光谱，位于288.6、286.4、284.9和281.9 eV的峰可能分别归属于C-O、C-O、C-C和C-Ti基团。<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">图3(c)</xref>中MWCNTs的C 1s光谱显示了位于284.8 eV处的C-C峰和从−NH<sub>2</sub>基团导致的285.7 eV处的轻微的C-N峰信号[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>]。对于MXene-CNT前驱体，C 1s光谱(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">图3(d)</xref>)可以拟合成五个潜在的峰，分别对应于C=O、C-O、C-C、C-N和C-Ti，进一步证明了MXene-CNT前驱体的成功合成。</p>
      <fig id="fig2">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282154-rId13.jpeg?20260407040949" />
      </fig>
      <p><bold>Figure 2.</bold>(a) (b) (c) Morphology and enlarged images of MXene/MWCNT/NiCoS powder, and (d) mapping</p>
      <p><bold>图</bold><bold>2</bold><bold>.</bold> (a) (b) (c) MXene/MWCNT/NiCoS粉末形貌和放大图以及(d) mapping图</p>
      <fig id="fig3">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282154-rId14.jpeg?20260407040949" />
      </fig>
      <p><bold>Figure 3</bold><bold>.</bold> (a) XPS pattern of precursor and (b) MXene XPS diagram, (c) MWCNTs XPS diagram and (d) Precursor XPS diagram</p>
      <p><bold>图</bold><bold>3</bold><bold>.</bold> (a) 前驱体XPS图和(b) MXene XPS图、(c) MWCNTs XPS图及(d) 前驱体XPS图</p>
      <p>MXene/MWCNT/NiCoS复合材料粉末的XRD和XPS表征则如<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">图4</xref>所示。在<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">图4(a)</xref>中，NiCoS表现出NiCo<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>相的典型特征，2<italic>θ</italic>分别为31.3˚、38.4˚、50.5˚和55.2˚，对应晶面分别为(311)，(400)，(511)和(440)。其余32.3˚、57.9˚、59.4 ˚、62.2˚、66.3˚、和70.9˚处的特征峰与NiCo<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>相(JCPDF No. 43-1477)一致，对应于(222)、(531)、(620)、(533)、(711)和(642)晶面[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>]。如<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">图4(b)</xref>所示，NiCoS的Ni 2p光谱显示了两个自旋轨道分别位于875.1 eV和857.1 eV处的双峰，以及两个分别位于881和862.7 eV处的卫星峰。双峰表示Ni<sup>2+</sup>的氧化态的存在。如<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">图4(c)</xref>所示，NiCoS的Co 2p光谱显示了两个自旋轨道的双峰，分别位于797.9 eV和783.3 eV处，以及两个卫星峰，分别位于802.9和783.3 eV处。双峰表示Co<sup>2+</sup>和Co<sup>3+</sup>的氧化态的存在[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>]。NiCoS的XPS分析结果表明了Ni和Co的不同价态的存在，可以通过多次氧化还原反应增强电化学性能。如<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">图4(d)</xref>所示，NiCoS的S 2p光谱显示了S 2p3/2和S 2p1/2两个峰，分别位于161.4 eV和162.6 eV处，代表了典型的金属–硫键[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>]。</p>
      <fig id="fig4">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282154-rId15.jpeg?20260407040949" />
      </fig>
      <p><bold>Figure 4</bold><bold>.</bold> (a) MXene/MWCNT/NiCoS XRD and XPS plots (b) Ni 2p, (c) Co 2p and (d) S 2p</p>
      <p><bold>图</bold><bold>4</bold><bold>.</bold> (a) MXene/MWCNT/NiCoS XRD图和XPS图(b) Ni 2p、(c) Co 2p及(d) S 2p</p>
      <p>本实验用叉指电极为例对制备的前驱体浆料图案化超级电容器器件进行了电化学表征。图5(a)显示了不同配比条件下前驱体的循环伏安(CV)曲线，扫描速率从5到100 mV/s，电压窗口为0~0.8 V。CV曲线呈现出典型的电双层电容器(EDLC)准矩形形状，表明具有良好的电容储能能力和快速的离子扩散速率[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>]。图5(b)显示了该器件的恒流充放电(GCD)曲线，在0.5~1.0 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>的充放电电流密度下呈现出粗糙的三角形形状。MXene与CNT质量比为2:1时面积比电容最大，在0.5 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>的电流密度下，比电容为171.24 mF/cm<sup>2</sup>，有效的电容面积为0.48 cm<sup>2</sup>。由此可证明加入CNT对于材料电化学性能有一定贡献。在功率密度为3.1 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>和5.4 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>时，提供的能量密度分别为137.2 μWh/cm<sup>2</sup>和31.6 μWh/cm<sup>2</sup>。对单个器件进行了循环寿命测试，在1.0 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>的电流密度下，该器件经过5000个循环后保持88%的容量保持率(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">图5(c)</xref>)。</p>
      <p>将MXene/MWCNT/NiCoS材料制成浆料后制成图案化柔性超级电容器器件。<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">图5(d)</xref>显示了不同Ni<sup>2+</sup>浓度条件下MXene/MWCNT/NiCoS的循环伏安(CV)曲线，扫描速率从5到100 mV/s，电压窗口为0~0.8 V。CV曲线呈现出电池型电极材料双电层电容和赝电容混合的形状[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>]。<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">图5(e)</xref>是该器件的恒流充放电(GCD)曲线，在0.5~1.0 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>的充放电电流密度下呈现出三角形形状。Ni<sup>2+</sup>浓度为0.02 mol/L时面积比电容最大，根据公式计算，在0.5 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>的电流密度下，比电容为270.71 mF/cm<sup>2</sup>，有效的电容面积同样为0.48 cm<sup>2</sup>。结果大于前驱体器件面积比电容，证明NiC<sub>O</sub>S在前驱体层间插入能够提升材料电化学性能[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>]。使用公式计算了单个器件的能量密度和功率密度。在功率密度为4.6 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>和5.6 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>时，提供的能量密度分别为152.6 μWh/cm<sup>2</sup>和33.7 μWh/cm<sup>2</sup>。对单个器件进行了循环寿命测试，在1.0 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>的电流密度下，该器件经过5000个循环后保持88.5%的容量保持率(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">图5(f)</xref>)，同时循环过程稳定。</p>
      <p>最后本实验对MXene-CNT前驱体器件和MXene/MWCNT/NiCoS器件的EIS进行测试(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">图5(h)</xref>、<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">图5(i)</xref>，MXene-CNT前驱体器件的Rs为8.5 Ω，Rct为17.4 Ω。MXene/MWCNT/NiCoS器件的Rs为7.8 Ω，Rct为16.8 Ω。这一变化的物理本质可从多维协同结构的角度深入理解：(1) 导电网络的优化：一维MWCNT穿插于二维MXene片层之间，有效防止了MXene的再堆叠，同时构建了长程连续的电子传输通路，这是Rs降低的主要原因；(2) 界面反应能垒的降低：NiCoS纳米材料原位生长于MXene表面，形成了紧密的异质结界面，这种“点–面”接触显著降低了离子嵌入/脱出过程中的电荷转移阻力，导致Rct减小；(3) 离子传输通道的拓展：多维材料的相互穿插构建了丰富的纳米孔道，为电解液离子的快速扩散提供了便利，这与低频区阻抗行为的改善相吻合。实验结果说明CNT与NiCoS同MXene组成插层结构后能对材料转移电子的能力进行一定增强，从而进一步提高器件的储能能力[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>]。</p>
      <fig id="fig5">
        <label>Figure 5</label>
        <graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282154-rId16.jpeg?20260407040949" />
      </fig>
      <p><bold>Figure 5</bold><bold>.</bold> Precursor (a) at different proportions CV and (b) Cyclic stability of GSD and (c) precursor slurries, (d) of MXene/MWCNT/NiCoS at different Ni<sup>2+</sup>concentrations CV and (e) GSD and (f) Slurry cycling stability, (g) Area specific capacitance comparison chart, and h. Precursor EIS and MXene/MWCNT/NiCoS EIS</p>
      <p><bold>图</bold><bold>5</bold><bold>.</bold> 不同比例下前驱体(a) CV和(b) GSD、(c) 前驱体浆料循环稳定性，不同Ni<sup>2</sup><sup>+</sup>浓度下MXene/MWCNT/NiCoS的(d) CV和(e) GSD及(f) 浆料循环稳定性，(g) 面积比电容对比图和h.前驱体EIS及MXene/MWCNT/NiCoS复合材料EIS</p>
      <p>本实验用流变仪测量了MXene/MWCNT/NiCoS浆料的流变学特性，如<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">图6</xref>所示。<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">图6(a)</xref>显示了MXene/MWCNT/NiCoS浆料的表观粘度作为剪切速率的函数。随着剪切速率的降低，浆液的粘度增加，表现出剪切变稀的非牛顿流体行为[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>]。在0.04 s<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>的初始剪切速率下，油墨具有高粘度(&gt;10<sup>4</sup> Pa s)，可以打印出精细的图案，从而防止整个设备短路[[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>]。<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">图6(b)</xref>进一步显示了振荡频率扫描结果，其中G'和G''都是频率无关的。同时，可以观察到，在整个频率范围内，G' (约5 × 10<sup>3</sup> Pa)高于G'' (约4 × 10<sup>2</sup> Pa)。这将使得浆料能够在涂布或印刷过程中稳定流动[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>]。</p>
      <fig id="fig6">
        <label>Figure 6</label>
        <graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282154-rId17.jpeg?20260407040949" />
      </fig>
      <p><bold>Figure 6</bold><bold>.</bold> (a) Apparent viscosity of MXene/MWCNT/NiCoS slurry as a function of shear rate (b) The storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G'') of MXene slurry as functions of frequency</p>
      <p><bold>图</bold><bold>6</bold><bold>.</bold> (a) MXene/MWCNT/NiCoS浆料的表观粘度随剪切速率变化的图像；(b) MXene浆料的储存模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')随频率变化的图像</p>
      <fig id="fig7">
        <label>Figure 7</label>
        <graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282154-rId18.jpeg?20260407040949" />
      </fig>
      <p><bold>Figure 7</bold><bold>.</bold>(a) Static flexibility testing of (b) (c) MXene/MWCNT/NiCoS slurry; (d) Dynamic flexibility testing of (e) (f) slurry; (g) devices are used to create circuits; (h) Customized patterns; (i) Lighting up circuits</p>
      <p><bold>图</bold><bold>7</bold><bold>.</bold> (a) (b) (c) MXene/MWCNT/NiCoS浆料的静态柔性测试；(d) MXene、(e) MXene-CNT和(f) MXene/MWCNT/NiCoS浆料的动态柔性测试；(g) 器件制成电路；(h) 定制图案；(i) 点亮图案</p>
      <p>为了进一步评估该图案化柔性超级电容器在应用中的柔性和电化学性能，我们将单个器件弯曲到特定角度，并初步对其抗柔性疲劳的电化学性能进行静态测试。如<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">图7</xref>所示，在50 mV/s的扫描速率下从0˚弯曲到180˚后，器件的CV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">图7(a)</xref>)和GCD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">图7(c)</xref>)曲线没有表现出任何显著变化，在180˚下弯曲较长时间(12 h)后，电容保持率保持在91% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">图7(b)</xref>)。这表明由MXene/MWCNT/NiCoS形成的插层结构具有一定的抗弯曲能力[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>]。之后本实验对同一批次制备的多个比电容基本相同的单个器件进行了动态柔性疲劳电阻测试，以进一步测试器件的柔性。如<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">图7(f)</xref>所示，我们以60˚、120˚和180˚的三个典型角度依次将设备弯曲500、1000、1500和2000次。横向比较，在2000次弯曲时MXene/MWCNT/NiCoS器件电容保持率在60˚时为96%，在120˚时为93%，在180˚时为84%。明显优于MXene器件(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">图7(d)</xref>，2000次弯曲至180˚为容量保持率为65%)和MXene-CNT器件(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">图7(e)</xref>，2000次弯曲至180˚为容量保持率为72%)的容量保持率，同时综合<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">图7(d)~(f)</xref>可以看到在加入NiCoS之后，容量保持率随弯曲角度以及弯曲次数增加而大幅降低的情况明显有所改善，这表明MXene/MWCNT/NiCoS浆料和所得器件可以抵抗一定的内部弯曲作用力[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>]，从而增强柔性。最后，利用第三章方法依旧能够将复合材料器件制成电路(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">图7(g)</xref>)和各种各样的图案(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">图7(h)</xref>)，并且电路也能点亮以期未来进行与其他器件的链接(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">图7(i)</xref>)。</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec4">
      <title>4. 结论</title>
      <p>通过真空抽滤制备MXene-CNT前驱体粉末之后通过水热法合成具有插层结构的MXene/CNT/NiCoS复合材料粉末。NiCoS纳米块附着在CNT上插入手风琴状MXene的层间缝隙中可以增强整体材料的导电能力和比表面积以提升电化学性能，同时这种插层结构也具备一定的抗弯曲能力从而有利于器件的柔性。制成器件后，MXene/CNT/NiCoS复合材料图案化柔性超级电容器在0.5 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>时具有270.71 mF/cm<sup>2</sup>的比电容。基于本研究中的转印技术制备的柔性微型超级电容器不仅表现出令人满意的电化学性能，而且具有良好的机械弯曲特性。当器件经受180˚弯曲时，比电容保持在96%，在经过5000次循环后保持在88.5%。即使在连续弯曲180˚ 2000次后，电容保持率仍然为84%。在4.6 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>的功率密度下，所提供的能量密度为156.2 μWh/cm<sup>2</sup>。制备的柔性微型超级电容器单元可以定制图形，为图案化柔性超级电容器的浆料探求提供了一定思路。</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec5">
      <title>基金项目</title>
      <p>天津市科学技术普及项目(24KPXMRC00060)资助项目。</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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