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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ms</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Material Sciences</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2160-7621</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2160-7613</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>汉斯出版社</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12677/ms.2026.164073</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ms-139159</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>化学与材料</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>有机光热共晶材料的研究进展</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Research Progress on Organic Photothermal Cocrystal Materials</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>黄</surname>
            <given-names>婷</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1"><label>1</label> 浙江师范大学化学与材料科学学院，浙江 金华 </aff>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>16</volume>
      <issue>04</issue>
      <fpage>62</fpage>
      <lpage>69</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="published">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© 2026 Hans Publishers Inc. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="open-access">
          <license-p> This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link> ). </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri content-type="doi" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.12677/ms.2026.164073">https://doi.org/10.12677/ms.2026.164073</self-uri>
      <abstract>
        <p>光热转换材料是能源、生物医学及智能传感领域的核心材料，在“双碳”战略下备受关注。传统无机材料存在可设计性差、生物相容性不足等短板，纯有机共价材料则合成复杂、调控受限，均制约规模化应用。近年来，基于非共价组装的有机电荷转移共晶策略，凭借无需复杂合成、结构精准可控、成本低廉等优势，成为研究热点。目前，该类材料在分子设计、性能优化与应用拓展方面进展显著，光热转换效率持续突破，应用从基础成像拓展至能源转化、肿瘤诊疗及柔性光电器件等领域。本文系统梳理了该领域发展历程，重点阐述四硫富瓦烯、联苯胺衍生物及多环芳烃三大给体体系的研究进展，并展望未来发展方向。</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Photothermal conversion materials, core for energy, biomedicine and smart sensing, have attracted wide attention under the “dual-carbon” strategy. Traditional inorganic materials have poor designability and biocompatibility, while pure organic covalent ones require complex synthesis with limited tunability, restricting their scale-up. Recently, organic charge-transfer (CT) cocrystals via non-covalent assembly have emerged as a hotspot for their facile preparation, precise structure control and low cost. Great progress has been achieved in their molecular design, performance optimization and application expansion, with breakthroughs in photothermal efficiency and applications from imaging to energy conversion, tumor theranostics and flexible optoelectronics. This review summarizes the field’s development, highlights progress of three key donor systems, and outlooks future directions.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated" xml:lang="zh">
        <kwd>光热转换材料</kwd>
        <kwd>有机电荷转移共晶</kwd>
        <kwd>非辐射跃迁</kwd>
        <kwd>分子设计</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated" xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Photothermal Conversion Materials</kwd>
        <kwd>Organic Charge-Transfer Cocrystals</kwd>
        <kwd>Non-Radiative Transition</kwd>
        <kwd>Molecular Design</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec id="sec1">
      <title>1. 引言</title>
      <p>光热转换是指激发态分子通过非辐射跃迁过程，将吸收的光能直接转化为热能的物理过程，是当前光能利用领域的核心研究方向之一，基于该效应构建的光热材料，突破了传统光能利用方式的限制，在太阳能界面蒸发[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]、智能光热传感[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]、无创肿瘤治疗[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>]等领域得到了学术界与产业界的广泛关注。目前，光热材料的研究主要集中于无机/金属基体系，其中贵金属纳米材料[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>]、金属硫族化合物[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>]、碳基纳米材料[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>]是三类最具代表性的体系，相关工作已围绕其制备工艺与性能优化开展了大量研究。例如，有研究者构建了可生物降解的金纳米囊泡，利用相邻金纳米颗粒的局域表面等离子体共振耦合效应，实现了37%的光热转换效率[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>]。但无机体系固有的分子可设计性不足、生物相容性差、制备成本高等问题，始终是其多场景应用的核心限制。</p>
      <p>与无机材料相比，有机光热材料凭借分子结构的可设计性、理化性能的可调性、制备工艺的低成本优势，成为光热材料领域的新兴研究热点，在光热成像[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>]、光热驱动形状记忆器件[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>]、光热抗菌[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>]等方向展现出巨大的应用潜力。当前，有机光热材料的性能提升，主要依赖于：一通过在分子骨架中引入给体(D)-受体(A)结构、延长共轭链长度，拓宽材料的光吸收范围、增强近红外吸收强度，从而提升共轭聚合物、有机小分子染料的光热转换效率[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>]；另一方面，通过调控分子激发态行为，增强非辐射跃迁、抑制荧光等辐射衰变过程，该策略在卟啉衍生物[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>]、有机自由基[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>]等体系中实现了光热性能的突破。</p>
      <p>但这类有机光热材料，均需经过复杂的分子设计对合成操作有极高的要求，难以实现规模化制备与应用。因此，开发一种无需复杂有机合成、普适性强、性能易调控的有机光热材料构筑策略，是当前该领域亟待解决的核心问题。</p>
      <p>近年来，基于非共价键作用的有机共晶工程，凭借其制备简便、分子堆积与光电性能可调性强的优势，为高性能有机光热材料的构建提供了全新的路径。</p>
      <p>在有机共晶的各类非共价相互作用中，分子间电荷转移(CT)相互作用因可精准调控分子能级与激发态行为，成为构筑高性能有机光热材料最核心、最主流的策略。有机电荷转移(CT)共晶是通过电荷转移相互作用，将给体与受体组装到同一晶体结构中形成的共晶体系，相比单组分材料，其具备可调控、甚至可实现单组分不具备的全新光物理性能的独特优势。例如，经典的四硫富瓦烯-7,7,8,8-四氰基对苯二醌二甲烷(TTF-TCNQ) CT共晶体系，即可通过分子间强电荷转移作用，实现单组分不具备的宽范围近红外吸收与优异光热转换性能[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>]。电子从D向A的离域作用，可实现对电荷转移共晶能级结构的精准调控——共晶的最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)与最低未占据分子轨道(LUMO)分别由给体的HOMO与受体的LUMO主导[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>]。受这种轨道杂化特性的启发，共晶策略可通过可控窄化带隙，实现材料吸收光谱的显著红移，为理性设计与合成目标性能的光热材料提供了一条切实可行的路径。</p>
      <p>基于此，本文将系统梳理有机电荷转移光热共晶发展历程、光热共晶体系的设计，同时指出该领域当前面临的核心挑战与未来发展方向，为相关研究提供参考。</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec2">
      <title>2. 有机光热共晶的发展历程</title>
      <p>有机共晶是指两种或两种以上分子通过非共价键相互作用，按化学计量比有序组装形成的单一晶相材料[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>]，其制备过程简单、条件温和、成本低廉，为功能材料构筑提供了全新的“超分子合成”路径[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>]。</p>
      <p>有机CT共晶的研究最早可追溯至1973年，Coleman等人首次报道了四硫富瓦烯-7,7,8,8-四氰基对苯二醌二甲烷(TTF-TCNQ)共晶的金属导电特性[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>]，开启了有机CT共晶在光电领域的研究序幕。此后数十年，有机CT共晶的研究主要集中在导电、铁电、发光、光电探测等领域，其光热转换性能长期未被关注。</p>
      <p>直到2018年，Wang等人首次报道了二苯并四硫富瓦烯-1,2,4,5-四氰基苯(DBTTF-TCNB)共晶的近红外光热转换性能[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>] (见<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">图1</xref>)，该共晶通过强CT相互作用实现了近红外宽光谱吸收，在808 nm激光照射下光热转换效率达18.8%，首次证明了有机CT共晶在光热领域的应用潜力，成为该领域的里程碑式工作。</p>
      <fig id="fig1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282161-rId12.jpeg?20260407041044" />
      </fig>
      <p><bold>Figure 1.</bold>The first photothermal cocrystal material: (a) Molecular structures of DBTTF and TCNB, cocrystal formation process, and corresponding powder photographs; (b) Theoretically calculated molecular energy level diagram and absorption spectrum; (c) Schematic illustration of the photothermal imaging process [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>]</p>
      <p><bold>图</bold><bold>1.</bold> 首个光热共晶材料：(a) DBTTF与TCNB的分子结构、共晶形成过程及对应粉末实物图；(b)理论计算得到的分子能级图与吸收光谱；(c) 光热成像过程示意图[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>]</p>
      <p>自此，有机光热共晶的研究进入快速发展期。2020年，Tian等人将TTF-TCNQ共晶用于太阳能界面海水淡化，实现了90.3%的太阳能–蒸汽转换效率[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]；2021年，Ou等人开发了可生物降解的联苯胺衍生物基共晶纳米颗粒，实现了近红外二区光声成像引导的肿瘤协同光热治疗[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>]；2022年，Chen等人报道了N,N,N',N'-四甲基对苯二胺–均苯四甲酸二酐(TMPD-PMDA)共晶，其光热转换效率高达87.2%，刷新了有机光热共晶的性能纪录[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]；2024年，Wen等人通过“双转子策略”将分子运动维度引入空间构型调控框架，证实了动态分子运动对非辐射弛豫的增强作用[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]。2025年，张小涛课题组设计了一例具有扭曲蝴蝶状构象的非平面NMTQ共晶。该材料实现了220~2000 nm的宽带吸收，在1个太阳光照下蒸发速率达2.158 kg·m<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup>·h<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>，太阳能–蒸汽转换效率高达94.96%，将空间构型策略成功拓展至太阳能界面蒸发领域[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]。</p>
      <p>短短数年间，有机光热共晶的材料体系不断丰富，光热转换效率大幅提升，应用场景从基础的光热成像拓展至能源、环境、生物医用等多个领域，成为有机光热材料领域最具发展潜力的研究方向之一。</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec3">
      <title>3. 代表性有机光热共晶体系的设计与性能研究</title>
      <p>经过数年的发展，有机光热共晶已形成了多个成熟的给体-受体体系，本章节按给体分子的结构类型，梳理了典型高性能光热共晶体系的设计思路与性能表现，相关核心性能参数汇总于表1。</p>
      <p><bold>Table 1.</bold>Core performance parameters of typical organic photothermal eutectic systems</p>
      <p><bold>表</bold><bold>1</bold><bold>.</bold> 典型有机光热共晶体系的核心性能参数</p>
      <table-wrap id="tbl1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <table>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">分子结构</td>
              <td rowspan="2">带隙(eV)</td>
              <td rowspan="2">激光波长 (nm)</td>
              <td rowspan="2">光热转换效率(%)</td>
              <td rowspan="2">参考文献</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>给体</td>
              <td>受体</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282161-rId13.jpeg?20260407041044">
                </inline-graphic>
              </td>
              <td>
                <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282161-rId14.jpeg?20260407041044">
                </inline-graphic>
              </td>
              <td>1.30</td>
              <td>808</td>
              <td>18.8</td>
              <td>
                [
                <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
                ]
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282161-rId15.jpeg?20260407041044">
                </inline-graphic>
              </td>
              <td>
                <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282161-rId16.jpeg?20260407041044">
                </inline-graphic>
              </td>
              <td>2.08</td>
              <td>808</td>
              <td>15.0</td>
              <td>
                [
                <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
                ]
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282161-rId17.jpeg?20260407041044">
                </inline-graphic>
              </td>
              <td>
                <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282161-rId18.jpeg?20260407041044">
                </inline-graphic>
              </td>
              <td>0.31</td>
              <td>1064</td>
              <td>97</td>
              <td>
                [
                <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
                ]
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282161-rId19.jpeg?20260407041044">
                </inline-graphic>
              </td>
              <td>
                <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282161-rId20.jpeg?20260407041044">
                </inline-graphic>
              </td>
              <td>2.06</td>
              <td>808</td>
              <td>67.2</td>
              <td>
                [
                <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
                ]
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282161-rId21.jpeg?20260407041044">
                </inline-graphic>
              </td>
              <td>
                <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282161-rId22.jpeg?20260407041044">
                </inline-graphic>
              </td>
              <td>1.32</td>
              <td>808</td>
              <td>60.5</td>
              <td rowspan="2">
                [
                <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
                ]
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282161-rId23.jpeg?20260407041044">
                </inline-graphic>
              </td>
              <td>
                <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282161-rId22.jpeg?20260407041044">
                </inline-graphic>
              </td>
              <td>1.49</td>
              <td>808</td>
              <td>35.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282161-rId24.jpeg?20260407041044">
                </inline-graphic>
              </td>
              <td>
                <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282161-rId25.jpeg?20260407041044">
                </inline-graphic>
              </td>
              <td>1.50</td>
              <td>808</td>
              <td>78</td>
              <td>
                [
                <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
                ]
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282161-rId26.jpeg?20260407041044">
                </inline-graphic>
              </td>
              <td>
                <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282161-rId27.jpeg?20260407041044">
                </inline-graphic>
              </td>
              <td>0.33</td>
              <td>808</td>
              <td>77</td>
              <td>
                [
                <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
                ]
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282161-rId28.jpeg?20260407041044">
                </inline-graphic>
              </td>
              <td>
                <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282161-rId22.jpeg?20260407041044">
                </inline-graphic>
              </td>
              <td>1.22</td>
              <td>1064</td>
              <td>42</td>
              <td>
                [
                <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
                ]
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282161-rId29.jpeg?20260407041044">
                </inline-graphic>
              </td>
              <td>
                <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282161-rId22.jpeg?20260407041044">
                </inline-graphic>
              </td>
              <td>1.10</td>
              <td>808</td>
              <td>83.3</td>
              <td>
                [
                <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
                ]
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282161-rId30.jpeg?20260407041044">
                </inline-graphic>
              </td>
              <td>
                <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282161-rId31.jpeg?20260407041044">
                </inline-graphic>
              </td>
              <td>1.03</td>
              <td>808</td>
              <td>59.46</td>
              <td>
                [
                <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
                ]
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282161-rId15.jpeg?20260407041044">
                </inline-graphic>
              </td>
              <td>
                <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282161-rId22.jpeg?20260407041044">
                </inline-graphic>
              </td>
              <td>0.44</td>
              <td>808</td>
              <td>79.4</td>
              <td>
                [
                <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
                ]
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec id="sec3dot1">
        <title>3.1. 四硫富瓦烯(TTF)衍生物给体体系</title>
        <p>TTF及其衍生物是经典的强电子给体，具有富电子的平面共轭结构、优异的热稳定性与可逆的氧化还原特性，是最早用于有机CT共晶研究的给体体系，也是光热共晶领域的核心体系之一。</p>
        <p>2018年，Wang等人首次采用DBTTF作为给体、TCNB作为受体，通过缓慢溶剂挥发法制备了DBTTF-TCNB共晶，这是首个被报道的有机光热共晶[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>]。该共晶为1:1混合堆积结构，强CT相互作用使其带隙窄至1.30 eV，吸收光谱延伸至1000 nm的近红外一区，在808 nm激光照射下，粉末样品的温度可从室温升至71.3℃，光热转换效率达18.8%，同时具有优异的循环稳定性，首次证明了有机CT共晶的光热转换能力与应用潜力。</p>
        <p>2020年，Huang等人以强给体TTF与强受体TCNQ为原料，制备了TTF-TCNQ共晶[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>]。该共晶为分离堆积结构，DCT值高达0.59，强CT作用使其带隙仅为0.44 eV，吸收光谱覆盖200~2500 nm的全太阳光谱范围，在808 nm激光照射下，光热转换效率高达79.4%，是目前性能最优异的光热共晶体系之一。将其负载于多孔PDMS支架中，在1个太阳光照射下，水蒸发速率达1.67 kg·m<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup>·h<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>，太阳能–蒸汽转换效率达90.3%，展现出极强的太阳能利用能力。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec3dot2">
        <title>3.2. 联苯胺衍生物给体体系</title>
        <p>联苯胺衍生物包括TMPD、TMB等，具有强给电子能力、易氧化形成自由基、与受体形成强CT相互作用的特点，是当前光热转换效率最高的共晶体系。</p>
        <p>2021年，Chen等人以TMPD为给体、PMDA为受体，制备了TMPD-PMDA共晶[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]。该共晶具有强CT相互作用，激发态通过超快的内转换过程弛豫，激发态寿命仅为0.12 ps，在808 nm激光照射下，光热转换效率高达87.2%，是目前已报道的有机光热共晶中的最高值。超快的非辐射跃迁使其在激光照射下可快速升温，展现出优异的光热性能。</p>
        <p>2022年，Chen等人进一步开发了TMPD-TCBQ/TBBQ共晶体系[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>]，该类共晶在808 nm低功率激光照射下，可快速升温至293.5℃以上，同时伴随剧烈的热聚合放热反应，可被4米外的808 nm激光远程触发，甚至穿透三层聚丙烯管仍可实现点火，与KNO3混合后可发生剧烈爆燃，成为新型的低功率近红外激光起爆剂，在军工、航天领域展现出潜在应用。</p>
        <p>2021年，Ou等人以TMB为给体，TCNQ、F4TCNQ为受体，制备了TMB-TCNQ与TMB-F4TCNQ共晶[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>]。强CT作用使其带隙分别低至0.30 eV与0.84 eV，吸收光谱覆盖近红外二区，在1060 nm激光照射下，光热转换效率分别达48.0%与42.4%。通过纳米沉淀法制备的共晶纳米颗粒具有良好的生物可降解性与肿瘤靶向性，可实现光声成像引导的肿瘤铁死亡协同光热治疗，是生物医用光热共晶的典型代表。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec3dot3">
        <title>3.3. 多环芳烃(PAHs)给体体系</title>
        <p>多环芳烃包括芘(PY)、苝(PER)、蒽(AT)、菲(PT)、蔻(COR)等，具有平面大<italic>π</italic>共轭结构、易形成面对面<italic>π</italic>-<italic>π</italic>堆积、化学稳定性好的特点，是有机光热共晶中研究最广泛的给体体系。</p>
        <p>2021年，Chen等人以PY为给体、TCNQ为受体，制备了PY-TCNQ共晶[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>]。该共晶的带隙为1.09 eV，在808 nm激光下光热转换效率达83.3%。通过理论计算与超快光谱研究发现，受体TCNQ中-C(C≡N)<sub>2</sub>基团的自由旋转是高效非辐射跃迁的核心，为光热共晶的分子设计提供了全新思路。随后，该团队进一步以AT、PT为给体，TCNQ为受体，制备了AT-TCNQ与PT-TCNQ共晶，通过分子间<italic>π</italic>-<italic>π</italic>与p-<italic>π</italic>作用调控-C(C≡N)<sub>2</sub>的旋转自由度，实现了光热转换效率的精准调控(AT-TCNQ为60.53%，PT-TCNQ为35.85%)，揭示了分子旋转与非辐射跃迁的定量构效关系。</p>
        <p>2021年，Tian等人以PER为给体、TCNQ为受体，制备了PER-TCNQ共晶[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>]。该共晶的带隙为1.22 eV，在1064 nm的近红外二区具有强吸收，光热转换效率达42%。通过纳米沉淀法制备的共晶纳米颗粒，在1064 nm激光照射下，对大肠杆菌与金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效率分别达100%与99%，实现了高效的近红外二区光热抗菌。</p>
        <p>2022年，Zhao等人以COR为给体、F4TCNQ为受体，制备了COR-F4TCNQ共晶[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>]。强CT作用使其带隙窄至0.33 eV，吸收光谱覆盖250~1800 nm，在808 nm激光下光热转换效率达62.2%。通过静电纺丝技术，将该共晶复合到聚氨酯纳米纤维膜中，制备了大面积柔性光热薄膜，实现了高对比度的可穿戴光热成像，为柔性光热器件的制备提供了新方案。</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec4">
      <title>4. 总结与展望</title>
      <p>本文系统梳理了有机电荷转移型光热共晶的发展脉络，重点阐述了当前该领域以四硫富瓦烯衍生物、联苯胺衍生物、多环芳烃为核心构建的三大给体分子开发框架。三类给体体系凭借各自独特的分子结构特征与电子学特性，不仅推动了有机光热共晶光热转换性能的持续突破与多元化应用场景的拓展，也为该类功能材料的分子设计与性能调控提供了重要的理论与实验参考。</p>
      <p>但当前领域仍存在明显局限：高性能材料体系仍高度集中于少数经典给体–受体组合，新型功能化分子体系开发不足；分子结构与光热性能的定量构效关系尚未明确，材料开发仍以经验筛选为主；现有体系难以同时兼顾高光热效率、生物安全性与环境稳定性，限制了其规模化应用与临床转化。未来，结合理论计算开发新型分子骨架、建立定向设计规则、实现材料性能与应用场景的精准适配，将是该领域的核心发展方向。</p>
    </sec>
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