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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ms</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Material Sciences</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2160-7621</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2160-7613</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>汉斯出版社</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12677/ms.2026.164074</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ms-139160</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>化学与材料</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>柔性室温磷光晶体的研究现状与展望</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Research Status and Prospect of Flexible Room-Temperature Phosphorescent Crystals</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>陈</surname>
            <given-names>智立</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1"><label>1</label> 浙江师范大学化学与材料科学学院，浙江 金华 </aff>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>16</volume>
      <issue>04</issue>
      <fpage>70</fpage>
      <lpage>80</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="published">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© 2026 Hans Publishers Inc. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="open-access">
          <license-p> This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link> ). </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri content-type="doi" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.12677/ms.2026.164074">https://doi.org/10.12677/ms.2026.164074</self-uri>
      <abstract>
        <p>柔性室温磷光晶体融合了晶体的有序性与聚合物的柔性，在光电子、防伪及生物医学等领域潜力巨大。然而，其发展长期受困于“刚性晶格利于磷光”与“柔性变形需要弱相互作用”的内在矛盾。本文系统梳理了近五年来该领域的研究进展，重点阐述了通过分子与晶体工程(如卤素键、氢键、自分离堆积)实现柔性的策略，以及通过重原子效应、氘代和主客体掺杂获得长寿命磷光的机制。文章综述了成功整合“柔”与“光”的代表性工作，并特别强调了基于能量传递(如FRET、Dexter TTET)的动态刺激响应材料的设计与应用。最后，展望了该领域在光波导、多维防伪和生物成像等前沿方向的应用前景与未来挑战。</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Flexible room-temperature phosphorescent (RTP) crystals integrate the long-range order of crystals with the flexibility of polymers, showing great potential in optoelectronics, anti-counterfeiting, and biomedicine. However, their development has long been hindered by the inherent contradiction between the rigid lattice required for efficient phosphorescence and the weak interactions necessary for mechanical flexibility. This review systematically summarizes research progress in the past five years, focusing on strategies to achieve flexibility through molecular and crystal engineering (e.g., halogen bonds, hydrogen bonds, self-partitioned packing) and to obtain long-lived RTP via mechanisms such as the heavy-atom effect, deuteration, and host-guest doping. Representative works that successfully integrate “flexibility” and “phosphorescence” are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the design and application of dynamic stimuli-responsive materials based on energy transfer mechanisms (e.g., FRET, Dexter TTET). Finally, an outlook on future applications in optical waveguides, multi-dimensional anti-counterfeiting, and bioimaging is provided, along with a summary of key challenges.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated" xml:lang="zh">
        <kwd>柔性晶体</kwd>
        <kwd>室温磷光</kwd>
        <kwd>分子堆积</kwd>
        <kwd>主客体掺杂</kwd>
        <kwd>能量传递</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated" xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Flexible Crystals</kwd>
        <kwd>Room-Temperature Phosphorescence</kwd>
        <kwd>Molecular Packing</kwd>
        <kwd>Host-Guest Doping</kwd>
        <kwd>Energy Transfer</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec id="sec1">
      <title>1. 引言</title>
      <p>有机室温磷光(Room-Temperature Phosphorescence, RTP)材料因其长的发光寿命、大的斯托克斯位移和环境敏感性，在生物成像、防伪和信息加密等领域备受关注[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]。为了在室温下有效抑制三线态激子的非辐射跃迁和氧气猝灭，通常需要将发光分子置于刚性的基质中，例如通过结晶、掺杂到刚性聚合物或形成主客体复合物[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]。其中，有机晶体因其高度有序的分子堆积，能提供最理想的刚性环境，被认为是实现高效、长寿命RTP的理想平台[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>]。相比之下，聚合物基质的柔性虽好，但其无序结构往往导致三线态激子易被猝灭；金属有机框架(MOFs)虽能提供刚性孔道，但其制备复杂且柔性有限。因此，在单一材料中整合晶体的长程有序与聚合物的机械柔性，即开发柔性RTP晶体，成为领域内一个极具吸引力的研究方向。</p>
      <p>然而，传统有机晶体固有的脆性和刚性极大地限制了其在柔性、可穿戴电子设备中的应用[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>]。机械灵活性要求晶体内部存在滑移面或弱相互作用区域以耗散应力，而这与构建刚性环境以稳定三线态激子的要求相矛盾。因此，如何在同一晶体内实现“柔”与“光”的平衡，即获得兼具优异机械性能和高效RTP发射的柔性晶体，成为该领域的一项核心挑战[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>]。近年来，科学家们通过精妙的分子设计和晶体工程策略，成功开发出一系列柔性RTP晶体，并逐步揭示了结构与性能之间的关系[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>]。</p>
      <p>本文旨在系统综述柔性RTP晶体的研究现状。我们将从实现晶体柔性的设计原理出发，探讨长寿命RTP的实现机制，重点阐述将两者成功整合的代表性工作，并深入分析主客体掺杂体系中复杂的能量传递过程(如Förster共振能量转移FRET和Dexter三线态–三线态能量转移TTET)如何赋予材料动态刺激响应特性[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>]。最后，我们将展望其在光电器件、防伪和生物医学等领域的应用前景与未来发展方向。</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec2">
      <title>2. 柔性RTP晶体的设计、性能与调控</title>
      <p>有机晶体的宏观机械柔性源于其内部微观结构的各向异性以及分子间相互作用的动态可逆性。研究表明，晶体在外力作用下发生弹性或塑性形变的关键在于存在能量差异显著的作用力方向：通常需要强的分子间相互作用(如<italic>π</italic>-<italic>π</italic>堆积、强氢键)形成刚性骨架以维持晶格完整，而弱的相互作用(如范德华力、C-H…<italic>π</italic>作用)则形成滑移面，允许分子层发生相对位移，从而耗散应力[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>]。实现高效RTP则需要刚性环境来抑制非辐射跃迁，并可能借助重原子效应促进系间窜越(ISC)。因此，成功的策略都在于如何精巧地组合强、弱相互作用，以实现“刚柔并济”的堆积结构。</p>
      <sec id="sec2dot1">
        <title>2.1. 基于分子间相互作用的单组分柔性RTP晶体设计</title>
        <p>2.1.1. 卤素键诱导的弹性晶体</p>
        <p>引入卤素原子是构建柔性RTP晶体的有效策略之一。卤素原子不仅能通过重原子效应增强自旋–轨道耦合(SOC)以促进ISC，还能形成高度方向性的卤素键，调控分子堆积。Huang等人报道了一系列卤代三嗪–咔唑衍生物(DCz4X, X = Cl, Br, I)的弹性RTP晶体[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>]。研究发现(如<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">图1</xref>所示)，晶体中分子通过<italic>π</italic>-<italic>π</italic>堆积形成分子链，而相邻链之间则通过C-H…X和C-X…<italic>π</italic>等多种相互作用连接。随着卤素原子从Cl增加到I，分子间的结合能逐渐增大，特别是I原子形成的双重C-I…<italic>π</italic>相互作用显著增强了晶格的各向异性，使得DCz4I晶体在保持优异弹性(应变<italic>ε</italic> ≈ 3.0%)的同时，获得了高达19.1%的磷光量子产率。然而，强重原子效应在提升效率的同时，也加速了辐射跃迁，使得其磷光寿命(268 ms)相比于不含重原子的类似物有所降低。</p>
        <fig id="fig1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282162-rId12.jpeg?20260407041112" />
        </fig>
        <p><bold>Figure 1.</bold>(a) Design concept for elastic organic crystals. (b) Proposed mechanism of highly efficient ultralong organic phosphorescence. (c) Chemical structures of target molecules. (d) The fluorescence microscopy images of curving crystals from target molecules under UV on and off, the scale bars are 500 µm [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>]</p>
        <p><bold>图</bold><bold>1.</bold>(a) 弹性有机晶体的设计概念。(b) 高效超长有机磷光机制。(c) 目标分子的化学结构。(d) 目标分子弯曲晶体在紫外灯开启和关闭状态下的荧光显微镜图像，比例尺为500 µm [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>]</p>
        <p>2.1.2. 多重氢键导向的超柔性晶体</p>
        <p>氢键因其方向性和可逆性，也是构筑柔性晶体的理想工具。Cao等人另辟蹊径，提出了利用多重氢键自组装实现“一石二鸟”的策略，即通过四重氢键网络同时赋予晶体柔性和RTP发射能力[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>]。他们设计了一系列基于1,2-二酮的分子，如DB-F，利用分子间的四重C=O…H氢键驱动分子沿长轴堆积形成刚性柱状结构，而柱与柱之间则由较弱的C-H…<italic>π</italic>相互作用填充，形成了潜在的滑移面。这种各向异性的能量框架使得DB-F晶体展现出创纪录的柔性(最大应变<italic>ε</italic><sub>max</sub> = 6.76%)。如<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">图2</xref>所示，同时，四重羰基的重原子效应有效地促进了ISC，实现了纯有机RTP发射。特别值得一提的是，其噻吩衍生物(DB-SF)晶体首次实现了近红外(NIR) RTP发射，为该类材料在生物领域的应用开辟了新途径。</p>
        <fig id="fig2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282162-rId13.jpeg?20260407041113" />
        </fig>
        <p><bold>Figure 2.</bold>(a) Schematic illustration of the hydrogen-bonded supramolecular self-assembly. The cyan columns indicate the hydrogen-bonded assemblies, and the green dotted lines represent the slip direction, which is occupied by the weaker C-H…<italic>π</italic> interactions. (b) Scheme for the elastic deformation of crystals. (c) Molecular structure and naming. (d) Images of the bending deformation of the DB-F crystal [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>]</p>
        <p><bold>图</bold><bold>2.</bold> (a) 氢键超分子自组装示意图。青色柱表示氢键组装体，绿色虚线代表滑移方向，由较弱的C-H…<italic>π</italic>维系。(b) 晶体弹性变形机制。(c) 分子结构与命名。(d) DB-<bold>F</bold>晶体弯曲变形的图像[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>]</p>
        <p>2.1.3. 烷氧链诱导的自分离堆积</p>
        <p>李振课题组提出了一种通过自分离堆积结构解决“柔–光”权衡的普适性策略。他们以具有RTP活性的芳香核(如二苯甲酮BP或呫吨酮Xan)为核心，在其两侧修饰不同长度的烷氧链[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>]。如<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">图3</xref>所示，晶体学分析表明，这些分子形成了“刚性芳香核/柔性烷氧链”交替堆积的超结构。芳香核通过<italic>π</italic>-<italic>π</italic>相互作用紧密堆积，是RTP的来源；而烷氧链区域则通过较弱的范德华力相互作用，形成能量较低的滑移面，赋予晶体机械柔性。通过改变烷氧链的长度，可以精细调控芳香核的<italic>π</italic>-<italic>π</italic>耦合强度以及链间的相互作用，从而实现对RTP寿命(最高可达972.3 ms)和机械性能(从弹性到塑性)的连续调控。这种模块化的设计思想，为独立调控材料的机械和发光性能提供了强大的平台。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec2dot2">
        <title>2.2. 基于主客体掺杂的柔性RTP晶体设计</title>
        <p>除了单组分晶体，主客体掺杂也被证明是获得高性能RTP的强有力工具，尤其适用于构建刺激响应型材料[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>]。该策略的核心优势在于，可以将赋予柔性的主体材料和提供RTP功能的客体材料分开设计、优化，甚至可以将多种功能客体共掺杂，实现复杂的发光调控。</p>
        <p>2.2.1. 实现柔性RTP的主客体掺杂</p>
        <p>Xia等人选取三亚苯(TPhE)作为主体材料，其分子间通过弱<italic>π</italic>-<italic>π</italic>相互作用和C-H…<italic>π</italic>氢键形成人字形堆积结构，赋予晶体良好的弹性弯曲能力。如<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">图4</xref>所示，他们将微量芘(Py)作为客体分子掺杂于TPhE晶体表面形成Py@TPhE体系[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>]。实验表明，掺杂后晶体的柔性与纯TPhE晶体基本一致，可重复弯曲至近180<sup>°</sup>而不破裂。在光学性能方面，纯TPhE和Py晶体均不表现出室温磷光，而Py@TPhE掺杂晶体在紫外光激发后可观察到肉眼可见的深红色余辉，持续时间长达2.5秒。研究表明，这一现象源于主体TPhE激发态能量通过FRET传递给客体Py分子，进而实现客体磷光发射。</p>
        <fig id="fig3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282162-rId14.jpeg?20260407041114" />
        </fig>
        <p><bold>Figure 3.</bold>(a) Elastic/plastic deformation of BP-OR and Xan-OR crystals with changeable alkoxy chains. (b) Photographs of elastic/plastic crystals under UV irradiation and after tuning off UV lamp, and their RTP lifetimes. (c) Jablonski diagram of RTP and the effect of 𝜋-stacking on the stabilization of excited triplet states. (d) The self-partitioned aggregated structures in BP-OR and Xan-OR crystals, in which aromatics formed the stacked column, and the flexible chains constructed the slip planes, contributing to the flexible RTP crystals. (e) The relationship between the difference of interaction energies from aromatics/alkoxy chains and mechanical deformation. Blue stars refer to the elastic ones and purple stars refer to the plastic ones [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>]</p>
        <p><bold>图</bold><bold>3.</bold> (a) 不同烷氧基链的BP-OR与Xan-OR晶体弹性/塑性形变对比。(b) 晶体在紫外照射下及关闭紫外灯后的形变照片及其RTP寿命。(c) RTP的Jablonski图和<italic>π</italic>堆积对激发三重态稳定的影响。(d) BP-OR与Xan-OR晶体的自组装结构：芳香环形成堆积柱，柔性链构成滑移面，从而形成柔性RTP晶体。(e) 芳香环/烷氧基链相互作用能差与机械形变的关系：蓝色星号表示弹性形变，紫色星号表示塑性形变[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>]</p>
        <fig id="fig4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282162-rId15.jpeg?20260407041114" />
        </fig>
        <fig id="fig5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282162-rId16.jpeg?20260407041114" />
        </fig>
        <p><bold>Figure 4.</bold>(a) Photographs of Py-coated flexible crystals under 365 nm excitation and after removal of the excitation source. (b) Overlapping area and vertical distance of the <italic>π</italic>-<italic>π</italic> interaction. (c) Intermolecular C-H…<italic>π</italic> interactions between adjacent TPhE molecules. (d) Molecular packing arrangement viewed along the a axis, and expansion and compression directions of the outer and inner arcs formed during the bending process, respectively. (e) Schematic diagram of the phosphorescence process for this FRET system [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>]</p>
        <p><bold>图</bold><bold>4.</bold> (a) 掺杂Py的柔性晶体在365 nm光激发下及关闭激发源后的照片。(b) <italic>π</italic>-<italic>π</italic>相互作用的重叠面积和垂直距离。(c) 相邻TPhE分子间的分子间C-H…<italic>π</italic>相互作用。(d) 沿a轴观察的分子堆积排列，以及弯曲过程中形成的外弧和内弧的膨胀与压缩方向。(e) 该FRET体系的磷光过程示意图[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>]</p>
        <p>2.2.2. 基于能量传递的动态调控</p>
        <p>主客体体系为构建动态、刺激响应的RTP材料提供了无与伦比的平台，其核心在于精确调控给体与受体之间的能量转移过程。</p>
        <p>基于FRET的动态RTP：Wang等人利用FRET对距离的敏感性，构建了由给体DMAP和受体Cdp组成的掺杂体系[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>]。在初始的物理混合状态下，给受体距离较远，FRET无法发生，材料无RTP。施加研磨或加热后，给受体接触并缩短距离，激活了FRET过程，受体的RTP被“开启”。这一机制成功应用于热敏打印和信息加密。Xu等人则利用一种具有动态RTP响应的有机玻璃(P2OH)作为三线态给体，掺杂荧光染料罗丹明B (RB)作为受体，构建了基于磷光共振能量转移(PRET)的系统(如<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">图5</xref>所示) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>]。通过紫外光照射激活给体的RTP后，能量通过PRET转移给RB，使其原本纳秒级的荧光寿命延长至毫秒级，实现了颜色可调的动态余辉。</p>
        <fig id="fig6">
          <label>Figure 6</label>
          <graphic xlink:href="https://html.hanspub.org/file/1282162-rId17.jpeg?20260407041115" />
        </fig>
        <p><bold>Figure 5.</bold>A schematic representation of multichannel energy transfer in RTP glass. (a) Schematic diagram of the PRET process between P2OH (RTP glass) and RB/R6G (fluorescent guests). (b) Schematic diagram of the Dexter process between P2OH (RTP glass) and PY/NA (phosphorescent guests). (c) Chemical structures of these emitters [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>]</p>
        <p><bold>图</bold><bold>5.</bold>RTP玻璃中多通道能量转移示意图。(a) P2OH (RTP玻璃)与RB/R6G (荧光客体)之间的PRET过程示意图。(b) P2OH (RTP玻璃)与PY/NA (磷光客体)之间的Dexter过程示意图。(c) 发射体的化学结构[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>]</p>
        <p>基于Dexter TTET的动态RTP：与长程的FRET不同，Dexter TTET是一种短程的电子交换机制，对分子间的距离和轨道重叠极为敏感。Li等人通过调节主体与客体分子(醌类化合物)之间的三线态能级差(ΔE<sub>T</sub>)，研究了其对TTET和反向TTET (rTTET)过程的影响[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>]。当ΔE<sub>T</sub>较小时(如BP/AQ体系)，激子可以高效地从主体的T<sub>1</sub>态转移到客体的T<sub>1</sub>态，但也能通过rTTET过程返回到主体，最终表现为客体的磷光被抑制，而主体的磷光寿命缩短。当ΔE<sub>T</sub>足够大时(如BP/PAQ体系)，rTTET被抑制，激子被局域在客体的T<sub>1</sub>态，从而发射出客体的长寿命RTP。这项工作清晰地揭示了能级对齐在调控三线态激子动力学中的关键作用。Xu等人利用动态RTP玻璃P2OH作为三线态给体，掺杂具有更低三线态能级的芘衍生物(PY)作为受体，构建了高效的TTET系统(如<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">图5</xref>所示) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>]。该系统实现了从给体绿光到受体红光的余辉颜色变化，且表现出时间分辨的发光特性。Wang等人通过主体工程，精细调控主体分子的三线态能级，实现了对同一客体分子(NDOH)三线态激子跃迁路径的管理[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>]。当主体与客体的三线态能级差(ΔE<sub>T</sub>)从0.03 eV增加到0.17 eV时，客体分子的热活化延迟荧光(TADF)与RTP的强度比(I<sub>TADF</sub>/I<sub>RTP</sub>)下降了200倍，余辉颜色从青色变为橙红色。这证明了通过主体设计，可以主导激子能量是走Förster型三线态–单线态能量转移(TSET)路径产生TADF，还是走Dexter型三线态–三线态能量转移(TTET)路径产生RTP。</p>
        <p>Qi等人通过构建一个能量描述符E，利用人工决策树方法高通量筛选出具有超长RTP的电荷转移共晶，也证明了能级匹配在能量转移中的关键作用[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>]。此外，Gao等人利用手性主体与客体之间的构型匹配，可以实现对手性分子的选择性磷光识别，为手性传感提供了新思路[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>]。同时，Alfani等人基于有机磷聚集体的研究也进一步拓展了RTP材料的设计维度[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>]。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec2dot3">
        <title>2.3. 延长RTP寿命的其他策略与极端条件下的性能</title>
        <p>除了机械柔性，获得长寿命的RTP是该类材料的另一核心目标。根据磷光寿命公式：</p>
        <disp-formula id="FD1">
          <mml:math>
            <mml:mrow>
              <mml:msub>
                <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
              </mml:msub>
              <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
              <mml:mfrac>
                <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:msub>
                    <mml:mi>k</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
                  </mml:msub>
                  <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                  <mml:msub>
                    <mml:mi>k</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:msub>
                  <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                  <mml:msub>
                    <mml:mi>k</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mi>q</mml:mi>
                  </mml:msub>
                </mml:mrow>
              </mml:mfrac>
            </mml:mrow>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <p>延长寿命需要降低磷光辐射速率常数(<italic>k</italic><italic><sub>p</sub></italic>)、非辐射跃迁速率常数(<italic>k</italic><italic><sub>nr</sub></italic>)以及猝灭速率常数(<italic>k</italic><italic><sub>q</sub></italic>) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]。在柔性晶体中，除了利用前述的刚性环境抑制非辐射跃迁外，还有一些精细的调控手段。</p>
        <p>2.3.1. 氘代效应</p>
        <p>氘代是一种在不引入重原子、不显著改变分子电子结构的情况下，有效抑制非辐射跃迁、延长RTP寿命的策略。根据Franck-Condon原理，将C-H键替换为C-D键可以降低振动频率，从而减小振动弛豫导致的能量损失，显著降低非辐射跃迁速率<italic>k</italic><italic><sub>nr</sub></italic> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>]。Liu等人通过将含有羟基的吩噻嗪衍生物(Cs-C<sub>5</sub>OH)中的O-H氘代为O-D，成功地将晶体的总PLQY从2.73%提升至35.51%，磷光寿命也得到了显著延长[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>]。Yin等人也证实，将苯并[f]吲哚(Bd)掺入咔唑(Cz)主体中，氘代后的BdD8/Cz体系的RTP寿命从0.485 s大幅提升至1.771 s，这是其ISC速率提升和非辐射速率降低共同作用的结果[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>]。</p>
        <p>2.3.2. 极端条件下的长寿命磷光</p>
        <p>将柔性扩展到极端环境是该领域的一个重要方向。Yang等人发现，稠环芳烃三亚苯晶体不仅在室温下具有弹性，在液氮温度(77 K)下依然能保持其机械柔性[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]。更为重要的是，低温环境极大地抑制了非辐射跃迁和氧气扩散，使得其磷光寿命延长至创纪录的约30秒。这项工作首次实现了低温弹性与超长余辉在同一晶体中的结合，展示了其在极端环境下工作的潜力。表1列出了几种主要柔性RTP晶体设计策略的对比。</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec3">
      <title>3. 柔性对磷光性能的调控</title>
      <p>除了赋予材料可变形能力外，机械应力本身也能作为一种外部刺激，对RTP性能进行动态调控。这种刺激响应特性为材料在传感、逻辑门等领域的应用提供了可能。</p>
      <p><bold>Table 1.</bold>Comparison of main design strategies for flexible RTP crystals</p>
      <p><bold>表</bold><bold>1.</bold>主要柔性RTP晶体设计策略的对比</p>
      <table-wrap id="tbl1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <table>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>设计策略</td>
              <td>柔性类型</td>
              <td>RTP性能</td>
              <td>制备难度</td>
              <td>稳定性</td>
              <td>应用潜力与评述</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>卤素键</td>
              <td>弹性</td>
              <td>高效率， 中等寿命</td>
              <td>中等</td>
              <td>良好</td>
              <td>重原子效应显著提升ISC， 但可能牺牲寿命。适用于高亮度、高效率的柔性防伪标签</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>多重氢键</td>
              <td>超弹性</td>
              <td>中等效率， 可拓展至近红外</td>
              <td>中等</td>
              <td>良好</td>
              <td>氢键网络提供柔性，促进ISC。 近红外发射为生物应用提供可能，但水氧稳定性需关注</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>自分离堆积</td>
              <td>弹性/塑性可调</td>
              <td>超长寿命</td>
              <td>简单</td>
              <td>优异</td>
              <td>通过链长调控实现性能“拨动”， 兼具普适性和可调性。为构建多级防伪和光波导提供可能</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>主客体掺杂</td>
              <td>取决于主体</td>
              <td>可定制， 实现客体长寿命磷光</td>
              <td>简单</td>
              <td>取决于主客体</td>
              <td>易实现多色、刺激响应和动态 调控。在信息加密和传感领域 潜力巨大</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec id="sec3dot1">
        <title>3.1. 形变诱导的磷光位移</title>
        <p>Bhandary等人报道了二苯并噻吩(DBS)及其溴代衍生物的二维和一维弹性晶体[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>]。研究发现，对DBS晶体进行弹性弯曲会导致其磷光发射峰发生约20 nm的蓝移，而其荧光峰则几乎不变。通过晶体结构分析和理论计算，作者将这一现象归因于弹性形变过程中，分子间由硫原子介导的弱相互作用(S…<italic>π</italic>)发生拉伸和减弱，从而改变了T<sub>1</sub>态的能级。这是首次报道弹性形变直接诱导磷光位移的“机械磷光”现象。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec3dot2">
        <title>3.2. 弹性与塑性共存及光波导</title>
        <p>单一晶体中同时存在弹性和塑性变形行为，可以赋予材料更复杂的应用潜力。Liu等人发现4,4’-二溴苯偶酰晶体在较小应力下表现为弹性弯曲，而过度弯曲则转变为塑性变形[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]。他们认为，这种可调控的弹塑性源于晶体结构处于各向同性与各向异性堆积的中间态，<italic>π</italic>-<italic>π</italic>堆积主导弹性过程，而Br…Br和C-H…Br相互作用则影响了塑性滑移。更重要的是，无论是在直、弹性弯曲还是塑性弯曲状态下，该晶体都保持了优异的光波导性能(光损耗系数~0.3 dB·mm<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>)，展示了其在柔性光子回路中的应用前景。</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec4">
      <title>4. 柔性室温磷光晶体的应用与挑战</title>
      <p>将柔性、高效、长寿命的RTP性能整合于一身，使得这类新型晶体材料在多个前沿领域展现出广阔的应用前景。然而，从实验室走向实际应用，仍面临诸多挑战。</p>
      <sec id="sec4dot1">
        <title>4.1. 柔性光波导与光子回路</title>
        <p>晶体固有的高折射率和低缺陷密度使其成为理想的光波导材料。柔性RTP晶体不仅可以传输光信号，其自身的磷光还能作为活性光源。Vinod Kumar等人利用TPA-CHO分子的多晶型，分别获得了具有TADF (绿色)和RTP (橙色)特性的弹性微晶[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]。通过原子力显微镜(AFM)的纳米操纵技术，他们将TADF微晶与RTP微晶精确组装成“L”型光子组件，通过调控光在TADF晶体中的传播路径长度，可以控制其对RTP晶体的激发效率，从而实现了两种不同光物理过程(TADF和RTP)之间的相互作用。未来挑战在于如何实现更复杂光子回路的精准构筑，以及如何降低光在弯曲和连接处的损耗，提升集成度。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec4dot2">
        <title>4.2. 信息加密与防伪</title>
        <p>RTP的长寿命特性使其在时间分辨防伪领域具有独特优势。Huang等人将具有高RTP效率(<italic>Φ</italic><italic><sub>P</sub></italic> = 19.1%)的DCz4I弹性晶体嵌入柔性钞票中[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>]。在紫外灯下，整个区域呈现蓝色荧光；关闭紫外灯后，嵌入的晶体区域发出明亮的黄色余辉。即使钞票被弯曲，嵌入的晶体也随之变形，但其明亮的余辉依然清晰可见，提供了一种难以复制的多级防伪手段。此外，利用磷光寿命或颜色的差异进行信息编码也屡见不鲜。例如，Qi等人利用机器学习筛选出的四种具有不同RTP寿命的电荷转移共晶，构建了一个3 × 8的点阵，通过在不同延时后读取信息，实现了时间分辨的ASCII码加密[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>]。Samadder等人通过表面涂覆策略，将一种萘二甲亚胺–硼配合物涂覆在4,4’-二甲氧基二苯甲酮的柔性晶体表面，实现了从蓝色荧光到黄绿色磷光的转变，并成功应用于文档的多级防伪[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]。此外，Li等人设计了一种基于FRET机制的自掺杂共聚物RTP体系，通过紫外光照时间和强度的控制，实现了信息的可重写加密[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]。该领域的主要挑战在于如何实现大规模、低成本、高精度的图案化制备，以及开发出能被现有商业设备(如喷墨打印机)识别的RTP墨水。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec4dot3">
        <title>4.3. 生物医学应用</title>
        <p>尽管目前仍处于起步阶段，但柔性RTP晶体在生物医学领域，特别是在深部组织成像方面，已展现出初步潜力。Huang等人利用塑性RTP晶体Xan-OBu作为光波导光纤，将一部分晶体植入小鼠皮下，另一部分暴露在外[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>]。当用紫外光照射体外的晶体端时，不仅晶体本身发光，其植入皮下的部分也能通过光波导效应传导光能，在组织中发出磷光信号。这首次展示了利用塑性RTP晶体实现体内余辉传输的可行性。Xiao等人则利用主客体掺杂策略，将具有长波发射(~732 nm)的芘衍生物客体掺入二苯甲酮主体中，获得了兼具近红外发射和长寿命(~102 ms)的RTP材料，并将其制成纳米颗粒，成功实现了小鼠腋下肿瘤的高信噪比成像[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>]。最近，Zhang等人通过将手性磷光客体与具有多重共振效应的热活化延迟荧光客体共掺杂到刚性主体中，实现了兼具高亮度(~50 cd·m<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup>)、高效率和窄带发射的圆偏振超长余辉，为生物成像中的信号识别提供了更高精度的工具[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>]。然而，要实现真正的体内应用，必须解决材料的水溶性/生物相容性以及激发/发射波长需位于近红外窗口等生物适配性问题；此外，材料在生理环境中的长期稳定性及其潜在的毒性也亟待系统评估。</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec5">
      <title>5. 总结与展望</title>
      <p>近年来，柔性室温磷光晶体的研究取得了令人瞩目的进展。通过分子工程、晶体工程和主客体掺杂策略，科学家们已经能够巧妙地平衡“柔性”与“磷光”之间的内在矛盾，设计并合成出一系列性能优异的材料。从最初偶然发现的柔性晶体，到如今通过卤素键、多重氢键、自分离堆积等策略理性设计的体系，我们对结构–性能关系的理解日益深入。特别是通过对FRET和Dexter TTET等能量转移过程的精细调控，研究者们已经能够赋予RTP材料动态、刺激响应的智能特性[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>]。材料的性能也从单一的绿色磷光拓展到了全波段，特别是近红外区域；寿命也从毫秒级延长至近30秒[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]；应用也从简单的弯曲演示发展到柔性光波导、多维防伪乃至初步的生物医学探索[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>]。</p>
      <p>尽管近年来柔性室温磷光晶体研究取得了显著进展，但该领域仍面临诸多挑战与机遇。首先，目前晶体柔性及RTP性能的调控仍依赖于试错法，未来需要结合更精确的理论计算和机器学习辅助的高通量筛选，建立普适的定量构效关系模型，实现对目标性能的精确预测。其次，如何在同一材料中集成更多功能，如同时实现高导电性、铁电性、多重刺激响应性和高效率长寿命RTP，是推动其在复杂器件中应用的关键。在应用层面，尽管体外和浅表层组织已展示潜力，但要实现真正的体内应用，还需解决材料的水溶性与生物相容性、激发/发射波长红移至“生物窗口”以及长期稳定性等关键科学问题。此外，目前研究主要集中在微米/毫米级单晶，如何实现大面积、高质量柔性RTP晶膜的可控制备及其可靠器件集成，是实现商业化应用的必经之路。随着合成方法、表征技术和理论模拟的不断进步，这类集“柔”与“光”于一体的神奇材料有望从实验室走向实际应用，照亮未来柔性光电子和智能材料的广阔前景。</p>
    </sec>
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