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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ns</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Nursing Science</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2168-5614</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2168-5657</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>汉斯出版社</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12677/ns.2026.154110</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ns-139206</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>医药卫生</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>社区高血压糖尿病共病老年人未来照顾准备研究进展</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Research Progress on Preparation for Future Care among Community-Dwelling Older Adults with Hypertension-Diabetes Mellitus Comorbidity</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>王</surname>
            <given-names>金敏</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>柴</surname>
            <given-names>守霞</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>赵</surname>
            <given-names>雯琪</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>董</surname>
            <given-names>丽君</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>黄</surname>
            <given-names>蔷</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>刘</surname>
            <given-names>俊</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1"><label>1</label> 湖北医药学院护理学院，湖北 十堰 </aff>
      <aff id="aff2"><label>2</label> 十堰市卫生健康委员会基层卫生健康科，湖北 十堰 </aff>
      <aff id="aff3"><label>3</label> 湖北医药学院附属人民医院男科，湖北 十堰 </aff>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>15</volume>
      <issue>04</issue>
      <fpage>103</fpage>
      <lpage>111</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="published">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© 2026 Hans Publishers Inc. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="open-access">
          <license-p> This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link> ). </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri content-type="doi" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.12677/ns.2026.154110">https://doi.org/10.12677/ns.2026.154110</self-uri>
      <abstract>
        <p>高血压糖尿病共病(Hypertension-Diabetes Mellitus, HTN-DM)是老年人群最常见的慢性病共病类型之一，其临床负担和功能衰退风险显著高于单病患者。未来照顾准备(Preparation for Future Care, PFC)作为促进健康老龄化的重要行为，强调个体及家庭在健康尚可或疾病早期阶段，主动规划潜在照护需求、信息收集、经济与资源筹备以及家庭沟通与行动落实。本文综合国内外研究，系统梳理HTN-DM共病老年人PFC的理论基础、概念内涵、测量工具、影响因素及干预策略。结果显示，PFC水平与老年人的自理能力、生活质量及医疗利用密切相关。国外研究已形成较完整的理论模型和量表体系，而我国研究尚处于起步阶段，存在工具本土化不足、干预证据薄弱及社区嵌入不充分等问题。未来应结合中国社区实际，构建标准化评估工具与多层次干预体系，推动老年群体PFC理念的普及与实践。</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Hypertension-Diabetes Mellitus (HTN-DM) comorbidity is one of the most common combinations of chronic diseases among older adults, with clinical burdens and functional decline risks significantly higher than those of single-disease patients. Preparation for Future Care (PFC), as a key proactive behavior promoting healthy aging, emphasizes that individuals and families should plan ahead during the stage of good health or early illness, including anticipating potential care needs, gathering relevant information, preparing financial and resource support, communicating within the family, and implementing concrete actions. This review synthesizes international and domestic studies to systematically summarize the theoretical foundations, conceptual connotations, measurement instruments, 33 influencing factors, and intervention strategies related to PFC among older adults with HTN-DM comorbidity. Evidence indicates that higher levels of PFC are closely associated with better self-care ability, improved quality of life, and more appropriate healthcare utilization. While foreign studies have established relatively comprehensive theoretical models and validated scales, research in China remains at an early stage, characterized by insufficient localization of assessment tools, limited intervention evidence, and inadequate integration into community health practice. Future research should focus on developing standardized measurement instruments and multi-level intervention frameworks tailored to Chinese community contexts, thereby promoting the dissemination and practical implementation of the PFC concept among older populations.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated" xml:lang="zh">
        <kwd>高血压糖尿病共病</kwd>
        <kwd>未来照顾准备</kwd>
        <kwd>老年人</kwd>
        <kwd>社区护理</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated" xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension-Diabetes Mellitus Comorbidity</kwd>
        <kwd>Preparation for Future Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Older Adults</kwd>
        <kwd>Community Nursing</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec id="sec1">
      <title>1. 引言</title>
      <p>随着人口老龄化进程的加快，慢性病共病(multimorbidity)问题日益突出。据世界卫生组织(WHO)报告，全球约三分之一的老年人同时患有两种及以上慢性疾病[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]。高血压与糖尿病是最常见的共病组合之一，其共同病理机制包括胰岛素抵抗、内皮功能障碍、慢性炎症及氧化应激等[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]。这种双重负担显著增加心脑血管事件、肾功能衰竭与死亡风险[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>]。在中国，≥60岁人群中高血压患病率为56.7%，糖尿病患病率为20.3%，两者共病率约为30%~40%，城市社区样本更高[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>]-[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>]。这类人群的功能衰退、认知下降及抑郁焦虑发生率显著增加，对家庭照护者与医疗系统造成沉重负担[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>]。未来照顾准备(PFC)强调主动规划和家庭协同，是实现“积极老龄化”的核心内容[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>]。在HTN-DM共病背景下，PFC有助于减轻疾病管理负担，增强家庭韧性与医疗系统效率，丰富护理学对慢病共病老年人前瞻性健康行为的研究框架，为社区护理、长期护理保险(Long-Term Care Insurance, LTCI)及家庭医生签约服务提供依据。</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec2">
      <title>2. 未来照顾准备的理论基础</title>
      <sec id="sec2dot1">
        <title>2.1. 老龄化与适应理论</title>
        <p>生命历程视角强调个体应在不同生命阶段主动应对功能变化。压力–应对模型指出，老年人对失能与衰退的感知若伴随缺乏控制感，会引发焦虑与抑郁[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>]-[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>]。提前进行PFC，可通过提升控制感与掌握感缓解心理负担，促进“成功老龄化”。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec2dot2">
        <title>2.2. 健康行为与决策理论</title>
        <p>健康信念模型(Health Belief Model)认为，个体采取健康行为取决于对疾 病威胁的感知和自我效能感。计划行为理论(Theory of Planned Behavior)进一步指出，主观规范和行为意向决定行动执行。对HTN-DM老人而言，若其认识到失能风险并相信准备能有效降低风险，则更可能采取行动，如购买保险、规划照护地点[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>]。共同决策(Shared Decision-Making, SDM)理论则强调医患共同制定照护方案的重要性，为PFC的家庭参与和跨专业协作提供了理论依据。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec2dot3">
        <title>2.3. 家庭系统与社会支持理论</title>
        <p>PFC不仅是个人行为，更是以家庭为单位的社会互动过程。家庭系统理论认为，家庭成员间的沟通、角色协商与情感支持影响老年人照护决策[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>]。社会支持理论则指出，外部资源(社区组织、邻里支持、政府政策)可通过信息、情感与工具性支持促进计划执行[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>]。综上，PFC是一个跨越“个体–家庭–社会”的复杂过程，其形成受健康信念、家庭沟通与社会环境三重力量共同作用。</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec3">
      <title>3. 未来照顾准备的研究进展</title>
      <sec id="sec3dot1">
        <title>3.1. 概念内涵</title>
        <p>PFC指个体及家庭在健康尚可或疾病早期阶段，为未来可能出现的功能丧失、失能或突发健康事件所做的心理、信息、经济与资源准备[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>]。它涵盖五个核心维度：一是意识与态度，是对潜在照护风险的认知与主观准备意愿；二是信息收集与资源掌握包括了解照护途径、机构服务、支付政策及保险体系；三是偏好与计划制定，包括明确照护地点、照护者、服务内容与频率；四是家庭沟通与角色分工，形成家庭内部共识，确定责任主体；五是行动与动态调整，执行具体措施并根据健康变化复审计划。国外学者将PFC视为一种“前瞻性健康行为”，它区别于传统的临终决策(Advance Care Planning, ACP)，更关注健康与疾病过渡阶段的持续准备[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>]。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec3dot2">
        <title>3.2. 测量工具的演进与应用</title>
        <p>3.2.1. PFCN (Preparation for Future Care Needs)</p>
        <p>Sörensen等(2001)首先提出PFCN量表，用于全面评估老年人未来照护准备水平[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>]。量表共62个条目，分为“态度”、“准备过程”和“计划内容”三类。内部一致性系数(Cronbach’s <italic>α</italic>)介于0.61~0.95之间，验证性因素分析显示结构稳定。其优点在于维度全面，但缺点是题量大、填答负担重，不适用于时间有限的现场调查。</p>
        <p>3.2.2. PFC-15与PFC-5</p>
        <p>为提高可操作性，Sörensen团队在2017年开发PFC-15和PFC-5简化版。PFC-15保留15个条目，涵盖意识、信息收集、决策制定、具体规划和回避五个维度。PFC-5进一步简化为5个关键条目，用于快速筛查。验证结果表明，PFC-15的<italic>α</italic>为0.70~0.81，PFC-5为0.71，均具良好信效度[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>]。香港学者对其进行了中文化研究，Cronbach’s <italic>α</italic>分别为0.774和0.889，CFI &gt; 0.94，RMSEA &lt; 0.065，模型拟合良好[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>]。</p>
        <p>3.2.3. MAPS (My Aging Preparations Scale)</p>
        <p>Allen等(2020)基于PFC简表开发MAPS，强调文化适应与情境敏感性[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]。量表共18条，采用3级评分方式，Cronbach’s <italic>α</italic> = 0.83，各维度在0.65~0.87之间。其设计更符合少数族裔与低教育群体的答题习惯，被认为是PFC文化适配的重要参考。</p>
        <p>3.2.4. 应用比较</p>
        <p>若用于科研或全面评估，可选择PFC-15；若用于社区年度随访或时间有限的问卷，可采用PFC-5；若目标群体教育水平低或文化差异大，可参考MAPS进行语义优化。结合我国社区实践，可采用“PFCN关键分量表 + PFC-15组合”的方式，实现广覆盖与可操作兼顾(表1)。</p>
        <p><bold>Table 1.</bold> Suggestions on application and selection</p>
        <p><bold>表</bold><bold>1.</bold> 应用与选择建议</p>
        <table-wrap id="tbl1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <table>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>工具名称</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>条目数</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <italic>
                    <bold>α</bold>
                  </italic>
                  <bold>系数</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>适用场景</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>特点</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PFCN</td>
                <td>62</td>
                <td>0.61~0.95</td>
                <td>干预前后对比</td>
                <td>全面但题量大</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PFC-15</td>
                <td>15</td>
                <td>0.70~0.81</td>
                <td>社区研究/纵向随访</td>
                <td>平衡性佳</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PFC-5</td>
                <td>5</td>
                <td>0.70~0.75</td>
                <td>快速筛查</td>
                <td>简便实用</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MAPS</td>
                <td>18</td>
                <td>0.83</td>
                <td>跨文化研究</td>
                <td>文化敏感性强</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec4">
      <title>4. 影响未来照顾准备的主要因素</title>
      <p>PFC受多层因素影响。综合“能力–动机–机会”框架，可将其归纳为个体、家庭和社会三个层面。</p>
      <sec id="sec4dot1">
        <title>4.1. 个体层面</title>
        <p>包括年龄、性别、教育程度、经济状况、健康素养与自我效能。研究发现，教育水平高、经济条件好、健康素养高的老年人，其PFC得分普遍较高[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>]。高血压糖尿病共病患者，因病情复杂更易意识到照护风险，具有较高的计划动机，但若功能受限或存在认知障碍，行动转化率低[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]。抑郁与焦虑显著抑制照护准备行为，而积极应对和高效能感可强化准备意愿[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec4dot2">
        <title>4.2. 家庭层面</title>
        <p>家庭支持是PFC执行的重要支柱。子女数量、家庭沟通质量与经济支持均与PFC显著相关[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]。开放式沟通能促进照护计划共识，而家庭冲突则延缓决策。独居或空巢老人因缺乏潜在照护者，更倾向选择机构照护，但同时受经济约束[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec4dot3">
        <title>4.3. 社会与文化层面</title>
        <p>社会支持网络、社区服务可及性及文化观念对PFC影响深远。国外研究指出，社会支持度高者更易形成计划[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>]。东方文化的家庭本位理念强化了“养儿防老”信念，使部分老人缺乏主动准备意识[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>]。制度因素亦至关重要：长期护理保险、医疗报销政策和社区护理体系的完善度直接决定老年人能否将计划落实为行动[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>]。</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec5">
      <title>5. 国内外研究现状比较</title>
      <sec id="sec5dot1">
        <title>5.1. 国际研究现状</title>
        <p>总体来看，欧美与亚太部分国家已将“未来照顾准备”(Preparation for Future Care, PFC)自上而下地嵌入初级卫生保健与长期照护体系，把它视作老年慢病整合管理与质量改进的“前置环节”[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>]-[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>]。实践路径大致呈现三条主线：一是制度化纳入年度健康评估与家庭会议；二是流程化运行于社区护理与多学科团队合作；三是指标化考核并与支付或质量评价挂钩。英国依托NHS的社区健康网络，将“个体照护计划”(Personalised Care and Support Plan)作为综合护理(Integrated Care Systems, ICS)的核心抓手[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>]。全科医生负责识别风险人群，社区护士或护理协调员牵头组织家庭会议，围绕照护地点、提供者、服务强度与支付途径，生成可执行的计划并每年至少复审一次。多地项目表明，PFC与跌倒预防、营养管理、居家改造和照护者支持包协同投放，可带来住院日缩短与“社区停留时间延长(居家老化)”的效果[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>]。日本通过“社区综合照护”实现居家–社区–机构的连续性支持[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>]。地方政府负责整合医疗、护理、预防、住宅与生活支持“五位一体”的资源；对≥65岁老年人，鼓励每年更新照护计划，明确家庭与正式服务的分工，并与介护保险(LTCI)给付直接衔接。PFC在日本更具“制度化支付驱动”的特征：存在且合格的照护计划是申请与续领照护服务的重要依据。研究显示，按期复审的老年人急性事件后的功能恢复与生活自理能力维持指标优于无计划或久未更新者。对于HTN-DM共病个案，地方健康促进项目常将血压–血糖联动管理、运动处方与营养支持嵌入照护计划；若家庭照护者负荷较重，则同步配置“喘息服务”“日间照护”“短期入住”以缓冲风险。在荷兰、北欧与澳大利亚等国，PFC与慢病整合照护(如COPD、糖尿病、心衰)打包推进，重视护理主导的照护协调与家庭会议标准化。荷兰的“Buurtzorg社区护理模式”强调小团队自治，由资深护士在家庭中完成评估、计划与复审[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>]；北欧国家则把“老年人偏好与照护计划的记录率、更新率”作为地方卫生质量监测的常规数据项[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>]。新加坡和韩国等亚洲经济体近年以“社区医院 + 居家护理”或“健康邻里”模式切入，PFC常与“健康导航和社会处方”联用，帮助老年人识别并链接合适的社会资源、志愿网络与福利项目[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>]。</p>
        <p>跨国比较可以看到三点共性经验：第一，常态化与前移——PFC不是临终或“重病才谈”，而是纳入年度随访、功能筛查与家庭会议的日常流程；第二，护理主导与MDT协作——护士在评估、计划拟定与执行协调中居核心地位，医师、社工、康复、营养与心理专业共同参与；第三，指标化与支付联动——将“有记录的计划”“复审率”“紧急预案完备率”等作为质量指标，或与医保/介护支付挂钩，形成外在激励。实践研究普遍报道PFC实施与急诊率下降、住院时间缩短、照护满意度提升相关；在多病共存亚群(包括HTN-DM)中，还观察到多药不良事件减少与并发症筛查完成率提高等间接收益。当然，国际经验也提示若干挑战：其一，计划质量的异质性——形式化记录并不等于高质量对话，如何用结构化工具提升“有意义的沟通”仍需持续训练与审核；其二，健康不平等——低教育、低收入、移民或少数族裔在PFC覆盖与执行上存在短板，需要文化敏感与读写友好策略；其三，信息互通与隐私治理——PFC要在医疗、护理、社福与保险系统间流转，既要互联互通，也要确保数据安全与隐私保护。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec5dot2">
        <title>5.2. 国内研究现状</title>
        <p>国内关于PFC的科学研究与社区实践总体起步较晚，但近年来已呈“从概念引介–量表中文化–现状调查–小型干预”的渐进态势[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>]。现有证据显示，我国老年人的PFC总体水平偏低，真正形成书面或电子照护计划并定期复审者比例有限，多数仍停留在“有意愿、少行动”的阶段[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>]-[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>]。以社区高血压–糖尿病共病人群为例，常见的困难包括：对未来失能风险的认识不足、对医保/长期护理保险(LTCI)与商业保险条款了解不清、对照护地点与提供者选择缺乏信息、家庭沟通回避、以及经济可负担性的担忧。横断面研究普遍发现，教育程度、健康素养、经济条件、社会支持与家庭沟通质量与PFC水平正相关；高龄、独居/空巢、轻度认知障碍、抑郁/焦虑与低水平PFC相关。针对HTN-DM共病者，多药并用管理负担与“血压–血糖双监测焦虑”被反复提及为阻碍计划落实的关键阻力。</p>
        <p>量表方面，多数研究[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>]-[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>]采用PFC-15与PFC-5的中文化版本进行测量，验证了良好的内部一致性与结构拟合；部分团队尝试将PFCN的关键分量表用于干预前后对比。不同地区、不同文化背景(如少数民族地区、城乡/流动人口)之间的结构等值与差异比较仍缺乏数据支撑。另一个短板是纵向与干预证据匮乏：多数是横断面或短期随访，少有把PFC水平与客观结局(急诊、住院、住院日、医疗费用、ADL/IADL变化、并发症筛查完成率、家庭照护者负担)做长期联动分析的研究；干预项目多为教育宣教 + 随访提醒的轻量化模式，尚缺以护士主导照护协调 + 家庭会议 + 模块化服务包为核心的强干预随机或类实验设计。</p>
        <p>就社区实践而言，PFC尚未成为社区卫生服务中心与家庭医生签约服务的标准流程。日常工作仍以慢病随访、健康教育与药物管理为主，评估表单中少有对“照护地点偏好、提供者角色分工、服务强度、财务安排、紧急预案”的系统条目。护士在PFC中的角色多停留在宣教与随访提醒，较少承担“计划拟定与执行协调”的主导职责。人员培训与胜任力也需要加强：一线护士反映对“家庭会议组织”“价值观澄清技巧”“困难对话”的训练不足；而社区医生在繁重门诊负荷下难以投入足够时间进行结构化对话。信息系统层面，电子健康档案(EHR)缺少“照护计划模块”，导致记录分散、难以复审与追踪；与医保、LTCI、民政社工平台之间的数据未能顺畅互通，转介流程也较为碎片化。政策与支付环境正在发生积极变化。多地长期护理保险(LTCI)试点逐步扩大覆盖，社区护理、居家照护和喘息服务的给付渠道更为清晰，为PFC的执行创造了“机会维度”。部分城市开展“家庭医生–专科–护理–社工”协作的老年综合评估(CGA)项目，把功能评估、跌倒风险、营养与药物审查纳入常规；个别地区探索将“有记录的照护计划与年度复审”作为家庭医生签约绩效考核项或社区护理质量指标，但总体尚未普及。一些社会组织与志愿网络在“照护导航”、“社会处方”、“照护者支持小组”方面积累了经验，可与社区卫生服务形成互补。</p>
        <p>然而，在全国层面，统一的指标体系、数据口径与质控框架仍待建立，PFC相关服务与支付的标准化路径尚需顶层设计。从人群公平角度看，PFC在城乡之间、地区之间与不同社会经济地位群体之间存在明显差异：城市社区由于服务供给与信息渠道更丰富，PFC覆盖相对较好；农村与欠发达地区则更依赖家庭照护与非正式支持，且对政策与服务的认识有限。低教育、低收入、低数字素养群体往往难以理解复杂的保险条款、服务路径与表单语言，提示有必要在条目表述上进行读写友好与文化敏感的优化，并提供线下支持与面对面辅导。此外，独居、鳏寡、留守与迁移老人的社会支持网络更为脆弱，PFC若缺少社区与社会组织介入，容易陷入“有意愿、无资源”的困境。</p>
        <p>综合而言，国内PFC研究与实践的主要长板在于：概念引介与量表中文化已有基础，基层慢病管理体系与长期护理保险试点提供了着陆空间；短板在于：缺乏制度化流程与标准化工具，缺乏护士主导照护协调的明确定位与培训体系，缺乏纵向–干预–客观结局联动的高质量证据，缺乏与医保/LTCI/民政平台的信息互通。要实现跨越，需从三个层面同步发力：1) 工具与流程：在家庭医生签约/年度随访中纳入PFC-5短筛与PFC-15深评，开发电子化“照护计划模块”，设定复审提醒与异常阈值触发；2) 角色与能力：明确社区护士为PFC首席协调者，开展“家庭会议、困难对话、价值观澄清、药物协同审查、并发症路径管理”的系统培训，建设实践共同体；3) 支付与数据：把“照护计划存在与质量、复审率、紧急预案”纳入社区质量指标与签约绩效，探索与LTCI的给付对接；推动健康档案–医保结算–民政社工平台的互联互通，以数据驱动质量改进与公平评估。</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec6">
      <title>6. 促进社区未来照顾准备的策略</title>
      <sec id="sec6dot1">
        <title>6.1. 建立标准化评估体系</title>
        <p>在家庭医生签约与慢病管理中嵌入PFC-5或PFC-15量表，对高风险者采用PFCN进行深度评估，形成“初筛–深评–计划–复审”的动态链条。建立量表阈值体系与分层干预规则，为个体化管理提供依据。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec6dot2">
        <title>6.2. 强化护理主导的照护协调</title>
        <p>社区护士应成为PFC执行的核心。通过标准化流程将血压、血糖监测、用药管理、饮食运动指导、心理支持和家庭教育整合为连续服务包，提升患者执行力和家庭照护者信心。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec6dot3">
        <title>6.3. 加强家庭沟通与社会支持</title>
        <p>定期家庭会议由护士牵头，邀请家属共同讨论照护计划，明确责任分工和紧急预案。通过社区互助小组、志愿者陪伴服务强化社会联系，缓解孤独感。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec6dot4">
        <title>6.4. 制度与政策支持</title>
        <p>建议将PFC纳入长期护理保险支付范围，并与家庭医生绩效考核挂钩。建立数据共享平台，实现健康档案、照护计划与医保信息互联互通。政府可通过财政补贴、保险优惠等措施激励老年人参与PFC。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec6dot5">
        <title>6.5. 信息化与数字工具应用</title>
        <p>开发数字化问卷与随访平台，将PFC评估结果自动上传健康档案，生成个性化提醒与服务推荐。针对低数字素养人群提供简化纸质版本，保证公平性与普及性。</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec7">
      <title>7. 未来研究方向与展望</title>
      <p>首先是工具本土化与信度验证。需针对不同文化背景、教育层次与疾病结构开展PFC量表的语义等值与结构等值研究，建立适合我国人群的分层阈值。其次纵向干预与结果验证。未来研究应采用前瞻性队列设计，考察PFC水平与医疗利用、费用负担、生活质量等结局的关联，构建“评估–干预–结局”证据链。第三，社区嵌入与跨部门协作推动PFC纳入社区健康服务与长期护理保险试点，通过“家庭医生–社区护士–社会工作者”多专业协作形成闭环。第四，聚焦特定脆弱群体，重点关注高龄独居、低收入、认知功能下降及多重共病人群，探索简化版PFC工具与护理干预路径。最后，政策转化与健康促进。结合国家健康老龄化战略，推动PFC指标纳入健康城市建设与老龄社会监测体系，从微观个体走向宏观政策层面。高血压糖尿病共病老人，是健康老龄化进程中极具代表性的高风险群体，其照护需求复杂多样。未来照顾准备为他们提供了主动应对与资源整合的路径。国际证据表明，系统化PFC能够显著提升生活质量并降低医疗负担。我国需加快量表本土化、干预路径制度化与数据平台信息化建设，形成以社区为核心、以家庭为单元、以护理为支撑的照护筹划体系，为共病老人提供更加科学、个性化、可持续的健康照护方案，推动健康中国与长期照护体系的高质量发展。</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec8">
      <title>NOTES</title>
      <p><sup>*</sup>通讯作者。</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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