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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="zh">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">tcm</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Traditional Chinese Medicine</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2166-6059</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2166-6067</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>汉斯出版社</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12677/tcm.2026.154200</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">tcm-139211</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>医药卫生</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>中药基于足细胞损伤治疗肾病综合征研究现状</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Research Status of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Treating Nephrotic Syndrome Based on Podocyte Injury</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>房</surname>
            <given-names>峻毅</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1"><label>1</label> 黑龙江省中医药科学院，黑龙江 哈尔滨 </aff>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>15</volume>
      <issue>04</issue>
      <fpage>214</fpage>
      <lpage>220</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="published">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© 2026 Hans Publishers Inc. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="open-access">
          <license-p> This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link> ). </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri content-type="doi" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.12677/tcm.2026.154200">https://doi.org/10.12677/tcm.2026.154200</self-uri>
      <abstract>
        <p>肾病综合征(NS)是一组以大量蛋白尿、低蛋白血症、高脂血症及水肿为特征的临床综合征，足细胞损伤是其发病的核心环节。中医药治疗肾病综合征历史悠久，疗效确切，且在多靶点干预足细胞损伤方面具有独特优势。本文综述了肾病综合征中足细胞损伤的相关信号通路，包括PI3K/Akt、NF-<italic>κ</italic>B、mTOR/AMPK及TGF-<italic>β</italic>1/Smads通路，并总结了近年来中药通过调控上述通路保护足细胞、减轻蛋白尿、改善肾功能的实验研究进展。未来应进一步深化机制研究，开展高质量临床试验，推动中西医结合治疗方案的优化。</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a group of clinical syndromes characterized by massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema, with podocyte injury being a central pathogenic mechanism. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long history in the treatment of nephrotic syndrome, demonstrating definite therapeutic efficacy and unique advantages in multi-target intervention for podocyte injury. This article reviews the relevant signaling pathways involved in podocyte injury in nephrotic syndrome, including the PI3K/Akt, NF-<italic>κ</italic>B, mTOR/AMPK, and TGF-<italic>β</italic>1/Smads pathways. It also summarizes recent experimental research progress on how Chinese herbal medicine protects podocytes, reduces proteinuria, and improves renal function by regulating these pathways. Future efforts should focus on deepening mechanistic research and conducting high-quality clinical trials to promote the optimization of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment strategies.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated" xml:lang="zh">
        <kwd>肾病综合征</kwd>
        <kwd>中药治疗</kwd>
        <kwd>信号通路</kwd>
        <kwd>作用机制</kwd>
        <kwd>足细胞</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated" xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Nephrotic Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment</kwd>
        <kwd>Signaling Pathway</kwd>
        <kwd>Mechanism of Action</kwd>
        <kwd>Podocyte</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec id="sec1">
      <title>1. 肾病综合征概述</title>
      <p>肾病综合征是一种由多种原因引起的肾脏疾病，其主要特征为大量蛋白尿、低蛋白血症、高脂血症以及水肿。该病可发生于任何年龄，但儿童和青少年较为常见[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]。肾病综合征的病因多样，包括原发性肾小球疾病和继发性因素如糖尿病、系统性红斑狼疮等。NS患者免疫力低，呼吸道感染是NS反复的重要诱因。NS的主要发病机制为T细胞功能障碍、B细胞的功能紊乱[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>]-[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>]、足细胞病变和(或)某些循环肾小球渗透因子的异常分泌[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>]。其中肾小球滤过膜屏障受损是NS发病的重要生理病理基础，肾小球结构和功能紊乱是肾小球硬化的关键环节[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>][<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>]。肾病综合征的常见类型包括膜性肾病、局灶节段性肾小球硬化、膜增生性肾小球肾炎、系膜增生性肾小球肾炎、微小病变型肾病，这些类型在病理机制上各有特点，但共同表现为足细胞损伤和肾小球滤过屏障功能的降低。近年来，随着生活方式的变化和环境污染的加剧，肾病综合征的发病率呈上升趋势，成为威胁人类健康的重要问题之一。中医药治疗肾病有着悠久的历史和确切的疗效。由于传统医学中并未对肾病综合征(NS)形成统一的病名，历代医家多根据其临床表现和疾病特点进行论述，相关记载散见于“水肿”“尿浊”“肾风”“虚劳”等范畴中。尽管现在肾病综合征的诊断和治疗方面取得了显著进展，但长期使用激素和免疫抑制剂带来的副作用以及部分患者对药物的不敏感性，使得寻找更加安全有效的治疗方法成为迫切需求。在此背景下，中药以其独特的理论体系和多靶点作用机制，在肾病综合征的治疗中展现出巨大潜力，成为当前研究的热点领域。中药不仅能够有效改善症状，减少并发症，而且在降低药物副作用方面展现出显著优势。近年来，关于中药治疗肾病综合征的研究日益增多，不仅深化了对其作用机制的理解，也为临床应用提供了更多依据。然而，当前研究仍存在诸多争议，如中药的有效成分、最佳配伍方案及长期疗效等问题亟待进一步探索。本综述旨在总结现有研究成果，探讨基于足细胞损伤中药治疗肾病综合征的最新进展，为未来研究提供参考。</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec2">
      <title>2. 肾病综合征中足细胞损伤的机制</title>
      <sec id="sec2dot1">
        <title>2.1. PI3K/Akt信号通路在足细胞损伤中的作用</title>
        <p>激活的Akt可以通过磷酸化一系列下游靶点，直接抑制凋亡信号的执行，确保足细胞在终末分化后能够长期存活。研究表明，PI3K/Akt通路直接参与调控细胞骨架的动态平衡，PI3K/Akt通路通过下游的mTOR信号，对自噬水平进行精细调控，防止自噬过度或不足[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>]。Akt可以激活下游的Nrf2这个重要的抗氧化转录因子。Nrf2进入细胞核后，会启动一系列抗氧化酶(如HO-1、SOD)的基因表达，帮助足细胞清除活性氧(ROS)，抵抗氧化损伤。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec2dot2">
        <title>
          2.2. NF-
          <italic>κ</italic>
          B信号通路与足细胞损伤
        </title>
        <p>NF-<italic>κ</italic>B诱导足细胞表达多种促炎因子(如TNF-<italic>α</italic>、IL-1<italic>β</italic>、IL-6、MCP-1)，形成局部炎症微环境，招募免疫细胞，放大损伤。并且促进趋化因子和黏附分子表达，加剧肾小球内炎症细胞浸润[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>]。调控促凋亡基因(如Fas、Bax)表达，并通过与线粒体通路交互作用，诱导足细胞凋亡。持续激活可导致足细胞死亡或脱落，直接破坏滤过屏障。下调裂孔隔膜蛋白(如nephrin、podocin)和骨架蛋白(如synaptopodin)的合成，破坏足细胞骨架结构，增加滤过膜通透性。上调NADPH氧化酶等组分，促进活性氧(ROS)生成，形成“氧化应激-NF-<italic>κ</italic>B激活”恶性循环[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>]。促进促纤维化因子(如TGF-<italic>β</italic>、CTGF)表达，加速肾小球硬化。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec2dot3">
        <title>2.3. mTOR/AMPK信号通路与足细胞损伤</title>
        <p>mTOR/AMPK信号通路是细胞代谢、能量稳态和自噬调控的核心，它们在足细胞损伤和肾病综合征的发病机制中扮演着相互拮抗又紧密联系的关键角色，会诱导足细胞肥大和凋亡，并且抑制自噬。自噬是足细胞清除受损细胞器和错误折叠蛋白质、维持内环境稳定的关键机制[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>]。mTORC1是自噬的主要负调控因子，其过度激活会抑制自噬，导致细胞内损伤物质累积(如错误折叠蛋白、受损线粒体)，加速细胞衰老和死亡。mTOR过度激活可导致裂孔隔膜关键蛋白(如nephrin)翻译后修饰异常和分布紊乱，通过促进细胞外基质产生，参与肾小球硬化的进程[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>]。AMPK激活会抑制mTORC1；反之，mTORC1的活性状态会削弱AMPK的信号[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>]。在能量充足时(mTOR高，AMPK低)，细胞处于合成代谢状态；在能量应激时(AMPK高，mTOR低)，细胞转向分解代谢和自我保护。自噬是两者作用的核心交汇点：AMPK促进自噬，而mTORC1抑制自噬。在足细胞损伤中，AMPK活性下降/mTORC1活性升高导致的自噬缺陷是常见的关键病理环节。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec2dot4">
        <title>
          2.4. TGF-
          <italic>β</italic>
          1/Smads信号通路与足细胞损伤
        </title>
        <p>Smads的持续激活能上调促凋亡蛋白(如Bax、Fas)，并抑制抗凋亡蛋白，直接诱导足细胞程序性死亡。足细胞是终末分化细胞，无法有效增殖补充，其凋亡和脱落是导致肾小球滤过屏障破坏和蛋白尿产生的直接原因，也是局灶节段性肾小球硬化的起始事件之一[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>]。TGF-<italic>β</italic>1/Smads信号能抑制维持足细胞成熟表型的关键转录因子(如WT1、Podocalyxin)。同时，它可能诱导足细胞发生上皮–间充质转分化(EMT)样改变，这种表型转换导致足细胞从高度分化的“末状态”退回到功能不全的“不成熟/间质样状态”，失去正常的滤过功能。促进细胞外基质沉积与肾小球硬化，这种失衡最终促使肾小球基底膜增厚、系膜基质扩张，是肾小球硬化和慢性肾病进展的核心机制[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>]。抑制自噬，加剧损伤累积。</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec3">
      <title>3. 中药对足细胞损伤的干预机制</title>
      <sec id="sec3dot1">
        <title>3.1. 中药通过调节足细胞相关信号通路改善肾病综合征</title>
        <p>近年研究依据肾病综合征中足细胞损伤的机制，指出足细胞损伤与多种肾小球疾病密切相关，如膜性肾病、局灶节段性肾小球硬化和微小病变型肾病。表明中药干预足细胞损伤的途径，中药在调节足细胞相关信号通路中的潜力及用途[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>]。</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec3dot2">
        <title>3.2. 中药对足细胞损伤的保护作用</title>
        <p>3.2.1. 单味中药</p>
        <p>雷公藤甲素的保护机制非常广泛。它能显著抑制由血管紧张素Ⅱ (AngⅡ)或嘌呤霉素(PAN)诱导的足细胞产生活性氧(ROS)，并进一步阻断由ROS激活的p38 MAPK信号通路，从而减轻氧化应激损伤[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>]。在由补体膜攻击复合物(C5b-9)造成的损伤模型中，它还能不依赖于ROS，直接抑制p38 MAPK的活化。研究还发现，它能抑制白细胞介素13 (IL-13)诱导的STAT6信号通路活化[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>]。雷公藤甲素能有效减少实验动物的蛋白尿，显著改善足细胞的足突融合。它能拮抗AngⅡ诱导的骨架蛋白解聚，并上调裂孔隔膜关键分子nephrin和podocin的表达，使其分布恢复正常，从而直接修复足细胞病变[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>]。值得注意的是，雷公藤相应制剂及提取物虽疗效显著，但其治疗窗较窄，其通过增加氧化应激反应导致细胞凋亡，具有明确的肝肾毒性、生殖毒性及骨髓抑制等不良反应，临床应用需严格控制剂量、疗程及联合用药，并加强肝肾功能监测。黄芪甲苷作为黄芪的主要活性成分之一，能通过调控多条通路保护足细胞[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>]。它可以抑制Notch信号通路的激活，并调节Bax/Bcl-2等凋亡相关蛋白的平衡，从而改善由高糖诱导的线粒体功能障碍。另外，早期的研究也提示它可能通过影响JNK细胞信号通路来缓解补体诱导的足细胞损伤。最终表现为减轻足细胞凋亡，恢复线粒体膜电位和三磷酸腺苷(ATP)的产生，维持细胞能量代谢[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>]。小檗碱是黄连中的主要生物碱。研究证实，它可以通过抑制JAK2/STAT3信号通路的磷酸化水平来发挥保护作用[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>]。该作用能有效缓解高糖环境诱导的足细胞上皮–间充质转分化，下调间充质标志物(如<italic>α</italic>-SMA、vimentin)，上调上皮标志物nephrin，并显著减少高糖诱导的足细胞凋亡和异常迁移。绞股蓝总皂苷是绞股蓝的主要活性成分。研究发现，它可以通过调控mTOR/4EBP1/P70S6K信号通路来影响细胞的自噬活性[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>]。在高糖环境下，它能上调足细胞自噬相关蛋白LC3的表达，并调控synaptopodin等骨架蛋白的表达，通过增强细胞自噬来清除损伤物质，从而保护足细胞结构和功能。</p>
        <p>3.2.2. 中药复方</p>
        <p>参芪地黄汤能有效调控ROS/NLRP3/GSDMD信号通路，这是近年来发现的细胞焦亡经典通路[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>]。参芪地黄汤能通过调控ROS/NLRP3/GSDMD信号通路来抑制足细胞焦亡，从而保护肾脏功能。参芪地黄汤能显著降低肾脏组织内活性氧(ROS)的水平。ROS是启动损伤通路的关键上游信号，切断了损伤信号的传递。通过降低ROS，下调了NLRP3炎症小体和Cleaved Caspase-1的表达。NLRP3炎症小体是细胞内的危险信号感受器，它的激活会启动炎症反应。阻止细胞膜破裂(GSDMD)能显著减少GSDMD-N，抑制GSDMD-N相当于直接阻止了足细胞膜的破裂，保护了细胞的完整性。多项研究证实，参芪地黄汤能够显著上调足细胞裂孔隔膜上的关键分子，如nephrin和podocin的表达[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]-[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>]。该方还能上调足细胞成熟的标志物，如WT-1和PODXL (Podocalyxin)，同时下调损伤标志物Desmin。这表明参芪地黄汤有助于维持足细胞的高度分化状态，防止其发生“去分化”而丧失功能。除了核心的焦亡通路，参芪地黄汤还通过调控其他炎症通路，协同发挥抗炎作用。抑制p38MAPK/NF-<italic>κ</italic>B通路，在系膜增生性肾小球肾炎(MsPGN)模型中，参芪地黄汤被证实可以抑制肾脏组织中p38MAPK/NF-<italic>κ</italic>B信号通路的活化[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>]。这条通路是经典的炎症通路，其激活会促使肾脏局部产生大量的炎性因子。该方能显著降低肾脏内的促炎因子如白介素-8 (IL-8)和肿瘤坏死因子-<italic>α</italic> (TNF-<italic>α</italic>)的水平，从而减轻肾脏的炎症损伤。最终效果是减轻肾脏病理损伤，改善足细胞超微结构(如增加足突密度)，并降低尿蛋白。温阳活血利水方能显著上调足细胞中Klotho的表达[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>]。Klotho是一种公认的抗衰老蛋白，在肾脏中起保护作用，它的减少是足细胞损伤的早期事件。该方能有效抑制因损伤而过度开放的瞬时受体电位通道6 (TRPC6)，从而阻断钙离子(Ca<sup>2+</sup>)的大量内流，减轻细胞内“钙超载”。同时，它还阻断骨架降解，过高的细胞内钙会激活组织蛋白酶L (CatL)。CatL是一种降解酶，温阳活血利水方通过下调CatL的表达和活性，有效保护了其下游底物，如Synaptopodin和发动蛋白等骨架蛋白不被降解，直接保护骨架结构[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>]。实验观察证实，该方能直接改善足细胞的骨架结构，使紊乱、减少的微丝和微管排列恢复有序，减少足突融合，从而维持足细胞的正常形态。除了上述核心通路，该方剂在不同肾病模型中还展现出多方面的保护作用。在嘌呤霉素损伤模型中，调控Dendrin转位，损伤会导致原本在细胞核外的Dendrin蛋白向核内转移，启动损伤程序，该方能减少这种异常转位[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>]。还能保护关键蛋白，它能恢复MAGI-2、RhoA等与足细胞结构和信号传导密切相关的蛋白表达水平。研究证实，该方可以显著上调肾小球中nephrin的表达[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>]。nephrin是足细胞裂孔隔膜的核心组分之一，它的稳定是滤过屏障功能正常的基础。同时，它还能抑制CD2AP、Arp3、cortactin等多种骨架蛋白及接头蛋白表达的下降，从多个层面维护足突的复杂结构和功能[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>]。从而降低蛋白尿、改善低蛋白血症和高脂血症。当归芍药散可通过调节AngⅡ/TRPC6/CaN信号通路来发挥作用[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>]。它能降低肾病综合征大鼠血浆中血管紧张素Ⅱ的水平，下调肾皮质中TRPC6通道蛋白的表达。通过阻断这条导致钙内流和细胞骨架紊乱的“危险通路”，该方能够抑制足细胞凋亡，改善足突融合，并减轻肾病综合征相关的蛋白尿和水钠潴留。在肾病综合征状态下，体内的血管紧张素Ⅱ (AngⅡ)水平会异常升高。AngⅡ与其受体结合后，会异常激活足细胞上的瞬时受体电位阳离子通道6 (TRPC6)，导致钙离子内流超载。当归芍药散能显著降低血浆中过高的AngⅡ水平[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>]。通过下调AngⅡ及其1型受体(AT1R)的表达，它有效地阻断了AngⅡ对TRPC6的异常激活。恢复足细胞结构与功能，能上调关键蛋白，恢复nephrin (裂孔隔膜核心蛋白)的表达水平，下调促凋亡蛋白Caspase-3的表达，减少足细胞丢失。改善超微结构，显著减轻足细胞的足突融合，修复肾小球结构损伤。上述作用共同修复了肾小球的分子屏障损伤，从而显著降低尿蛋白含量。炎症和氧化应激是推动肾病进展的重要因素。当归芍药散通过多条通路发挥抗炎抗氧化作用。一氧化氮(NO)在肾脏中具有调节血流和抗炎作用，其合成依赖于一氧化氮合酶(NOS)。研究发现，肾病状态下，肾脏组织中的三种NOS(神经元型nNOS、诱导型iNOS和内皮型eNOS)表达均显著降低，导致NO水平下降。当归芍药散显著上调这三种NOS的表达，增加体内NO含量，从而帮助延缓肾病综合征的病理进程[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>]。并且抑制RhoA/ROCK/NF-<italic>κ</italic>B炎症通路，最新研究揭示，当归芍药散显著抑制RhoA/ROCK/NF-<italic>κ</italic>B信号通路的过度激活。通过抑制这一关键的促炎通路，它可以减轻肾脏的炎症反应和氧化应激水平，延缓糖尿病肾病的进展，发挥肾脏保护作用，调节水液代谢，改善水肿[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>]。</p>
        <p>以上研究表明，中药复方在调控足细胞损伤相关通路、改善肾病综合征方面具有优势。然而，中药复方的临床推广与深入研究仍面临诸多现实挑战。第一，物质组成复杂。复方由多味中药组成，每味药含数十至数百种化合物，配伍后成分更加复杂，药效物质基础难以明确，给机制研究、质量控制和药代动力学研究带来困难。第二，质量控制难度大。中药材质量受产地、采收季节、炮制工艺、储存条件等因素影响显著，不同批次间有效成分含量差异较大，直接影响药效稳定性和研究结果的重复性。第三，剂量标准化不足。临床研究中，复方的给药剂量、剂型(汤剂、颗粒剂、丸剂等)、煎煮方法等差异较大，导致研究结果难以横向比较，循证医学证据等级较低。此外，复方中药物比例调整对疗效的影响也缺乏系统研究。</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec4">
      <title>4. 中药治疗肾病综合征的现状及展望</title>
      <p>中药治疗肾病综合征在多个方面表现出良好的疗效，不仅能够有效改善患者的临床症状，还能够在一定程度上逆转病理变化，尤其是在难治性和复发性肾病综合征的治疗中表现出色。中药通过多靶点、多途径的作用机制，如干预足细胞损伤等，为肾病综合征的治疗提供了新的思路。未来研究应明确药效物质基础、建立全过程质量控制标准、推进复方标准化制剂开发等方面加强探索，为中药复方的临床应用提供更高质量的证据支撑。进一步深化对中药作用机制的理解，加强临床试验设计，提高研究质量，探索中药与西药联合治疗的最佳方案，同时关注中药的安全性和不良反应，以期为肾病综合征患者提供更加安全有效的治疗选择。</p>
    </sec>
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