本文想要通过呈现一个时间洞察力的结构模型来推动青少年时间洞察力的研究。已有文献证明个体如何感知过去、现在和未来的方式,能够预测一些重要的发展结果,如学业成绩、风险行为、物质滥用、和体育锻炼。本文聚焦于青少年这一时间洞察力的表现最为突出的发展性阶段,并将时间洞察力融合于干预中。 In this thesis, we want to present a structure of adolescent time perspective to promote the deeply understanding of time perspective. We already know from the references that the way people perceive the past, present and future can predict some important development outcomes, such as academic achievement, risky behaviors and substances abuse. We focus on the time perspective of adolescent and apply time perspective to the intervention to see the consequences of it.
青少年,时间洞察力,干预, Adolescent Time Perspective Intervention青少年时间洞察力的结构模型和干预意义
时间洞察力对促进各个领域的积极的发展成果有重要影响,如教育 (Phalet et al., 2004) 和身体健康 (Rakowski, 1985) 。 Zimbardo and Boyd (1999) 描述了研究者孕育的一个时间洞察力转换的项目,允许有现在时间取向的个体学习如何以更加未来取向的方式进行思考。一些学者指出时间洞察力对健康问题的预防和干预都起着作用 (Rakowski, 1985) 。
时间洞察力在培育健康的青少年发展的过程中具有潜力,现存的干预项目就是例子。为目标而努力项目 (Danish, 1997) 的结果显示,教青少年识别积极未来目标会让学生有一个更好的上学出勤率。 Oyserman et al. (2002) 报告,教青少年为成年期建构计划和目标的干预项目,会让被试报告出在实现目标时有更多的策略,并且有更好的上学出勤率。 Hall and Fong (2003) 设计了一个干预措施,为促进个体在进行有关身体健康方面的决策时,有更多的未来取向的思考,这个干预措施是通过鼓励大学生年龄的被试思考当下行为的后果来实现的。10周的追踪结果显示,时间洞察力条件组的被试相对于对照组报告出增加的体育锻炼水平,以大学生为被试的第二个研究也重复了这个结果。
王 晨,吕厚超. 青少年时间洞察力的结构模型和干预意义 The Structure of Adolescent Time Perspective and the Significance of the Intervention[J]. 心理学进展, 2015, 05(12): 731-739. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/AP.2015.512095
参考文献 (References)References黄希庭(1994). 未来时间的心理结构. 心理学报, 2, 121-127.黄希庭, 郑涌(2000). 时间透视的自我整合: 心理结构方式的投射测验. 心理学报, 32(1), 30-35.罗婷婷, 吕厚超, 张进辅(2011). 青少年时间洞察力问卷编制. 西南农业大学学报: 社会科学版, 3, 112-117.吕厚超(2014). 青少年时间洞察力研究. 北京: 科学出版社.吕厚超, 黄希庭(2004). 青年学生时间洞察力结构的初步探讨. 西南师范大学学报: 人文社会科学版, 30(4), 46-50.吕厚超, 黄希庭(2007). 大学生过去时间洞察力的理论构想. 西南大学学报: 社会科学版, 33(3), 16-20.Alansari, M., Worrell, F. C., Rubie-Davies, C., & Webber, M. (2013). Adolescent Time Attitude Scale (ATAS) Scores and Academic Outcomes in Secondary School Females in New Zealand. International Journal of Quantitative Research in Education, 1, 251-274. <br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJQRE.2013.057687Anderssen, E. C., Myburgh, C. P. H., van Zyl, M. A., & Wiid, A. J. B. (1992). A Differential Analysis of Time-Use Attitudes of High School Students. Adolescence, 27, 64-72.Andretta, J. R., Worrell, F. C., Mello, Z. R., Dixson, D. D., & Baik, S. H. (2013). Demographic Group Differences in Adolescents’ Time Attitudes. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 289-301. <br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.11.005Apostolidis, T., Fieulaine, N., & Soule, F. (2006). Future Time Perspective as a Predictor of Cannabis Use: Exploring the Role of Substance Perception among French Adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 2339-2343.
<br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.03.008Bowles, T. (1999). Focusing on Time Orientation to Explain Adolescent Self-Concept and Academic Achievement: Part II Testing a Model. Journal of Applied Health Behavior, 1, 1-8.Brock, T. C., & Giudice, C. D. (1963). Stealing and Time Orientation. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psy-chology, 66, 91-94. <br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0042834Cottle, J. T. (1967a). Adolescent Perceptions of Time: The Effect of Age, Sex, and Social Class. Journal of Personality, 37, 636-650. <br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1969.tb01770.xCottle, T. J. (1967b). The Circles Test: An Investigation of Perceptions of Temporal Relatedness and Dominance. Journal of Projective Techniques & Personality Assessment, 31, 58-71. <br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0091651X.1967.10120417Cottle, T. J., & Klineberg, S. L. (1974). The Present of Things Future. New York: Macmillan.Danish, S. J. (1997). Going for the Goal: A Life Skills Program for Ado-lescents. In G. W. Albee, & T. P. Gullotta (Eds.), Primary Prevention Works (Vol. 6, pp. 291-312). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
<br>http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452243801.n13Erikson, E. (1968). Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York: Nor-ton.Finan, L. J. (2012). Daydreaming or Distraught? Past Time Perspective and Perceived Stress among Adolescents. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Colorado Springs, CO: The University of Colorado.Flavell, J. H. (1963). The Developmental Psychology of Jean Piaget. Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand Company.
<br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/11449-000Frank, L. K. (1939). Time Perspectives. Journal of Social Philosophy, 4, 293-312.Gonzalez, A., & Zimbardo, P. (1985). Time in Perspective: A Psychology Today Survey Report. Psychology Today, 19, 21-26.Greene, A. L. (1986). Future-Time Perspective in Adolescence: The Present of Things Future Re-visited. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 15, 99-113. <br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02141732Haldeman, D. H. (1992). The Cottle Circle Test: Its Validity for Identifying Adolescent Time Perspective. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University, State College.Hall, P. A., & Fong, G. T. (2003). The Effects of a Brief Time Perspective Intervention for Increasing Physical Activity among Young Adults. Psychology and Health, 18, 685-706. <br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0887044031000110447Henson, J. M., Carey, M. P., Carey, K. P., & Maisto, S. A. (2006). Associations among Health Behaviors and Time Perspective in Young Adults: Model Testing with Boot-Strapping Replication. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29, 127-137.
<br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10865-005-9027-2Keough, K. A., Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Who’s Smoking, Drinking, and Using Drugs? Time Perspective as a Predictor of Substance Use. Basic and Applied Social Psy-chology, 21, 149-164.
<br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15324834BA210207Klineberg, S. L. (1967). Changes in Outlook on the Future be-tween Childhood and Adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 185-193. <br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0024988Lake, R. A. (1991). Between Myth and History: Enacting Time in Native American Protest Rhetoric. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 77, 123-151. <br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00335639109383949Landau, S. F. (1976). Delinquency, Institutionalization, and Time Orientation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 44, 745-759. <br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.44.5.745Lasane, T. P., & Jones, J. M. (1999). Temporal Orientation and Goal-Setting: The Mediating Properties of a Motivational Self. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 14, 31-44.Lennings, C. J. (1994). An Investigation of the Effects of Agency and Time Perspective Variables on Career Maturity. The Journal of Psychology, 128, 243-253. <br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1994.9712727Lennings, C. J., Burns, A. M., & Cooney, G. (1998). The Profiles of Time Perspective and Personality: Developmental Considerations. The Journal of Psychology, 132, 629-641. <br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223989809599294Lessing, E. E. (1972). Extensions of Personal Future Time Perspective, Age, and Life Satisfaction of Children and Adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 6, 457-468. <br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0032576Lewin, K. (1935). A Dynamic Theory of Personality. New York: McGraw-Hill.Lewin, K. (1939). Field Theory and Experiment in Social Psychology: Concepts and Methods. The American Journal of Sociology, 44, 868-897. <br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/218177Lewin, K. (1942). Time Perspective and Morale. In K. Lewin (Ed.), Resolving Social Conflicts and Field Theory in Social Science (pp. 80-93). Washington DC: American Psychological Association. <br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/13983-004Lewin, K. (1946). Behavior and Development as a Function of the Total Situation. In L. Carmichael (Ed.), Manual of Child Psychology (2nd ed., pp. 918-970). New York: Wiley. <br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10756-016Lewin, K. (1951). Field Theory in Social Science: Selected Theoretical Papers (Edited by Dorwin Cartwright). New York: Harper & Brothers.McKay, M. T., Cole, J. C., Sumnall, H. R., & Goudie, A. J. (2012). Framing Health Messages for Adolescents: Should We Use Objective Time Periods, Temporal Benchmarks, or Both? Journal of Youth Studies, 15, 351-368.
<br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2012.663897Mello, Z. R., & Swanson, D. P. (2007). Gender Differences in African American Adolescents’ Personal, Educational, and Occupational Expectations and Perceptions of Neighborhood Quality. Journal of Black Psychology, 33, 150-168.
<br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798407299514Mello, Z. R., & Worrell, F. C. (2006). The Relationship of Time Perspective to Age, Gender, and Academic Achievement among Academically Talented Adolescents. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 29, 271-289.
<br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016235320602900302Mello, Z. R., & Worrell, F. C. (2007). The Adolescent Time Perspective Inventory-English. Unpublished Scale, Berkeley, CA: University of California.Mello, Z. R., & Worrell, F. C. (2010). The Adolescent Time Inventory: Preliminary Technical Manual. Berkeley, CA: Colorado Springs, CO.Mello, Z. R., Bhadare, D., Fearn, E. J., Galaviz, M. M., Hartmann, E. S., & Worrell, F. C. (2009). The Window, the River, and the Novel: Examining Adolescents’ Conceptions of the Past, the Present, and the Future. Adolescence, 44, 539-556.Mello, Z. R., Worrell, F. C., & Andretta, J. R. (2009). Variation in How Frequently Adolescents Think about the Past, the Present, and the Future in Relation to Academic Achievement. Research on Child and Adolescent Development [Diskurs Kindheits-und Jugendforschung], 2, 173-183.Nunez, R. E., & Sweetser, E. (2006). With the Future behind Them: Convergent Evidence from Aymara Language and Gesture in the Crosslinguistic Comparison of Spatial Construals of Time. Cognitive Science, 30, 401-450.
<br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog0000_62Nuttin, J. (1985). Future Time Perspective and Motivation: Theory and Research Method. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Oyserman, D., Terry, K., & Bybee, D. (2002). A Possible Selves Intervention to Enhance School Involvement. Journal of Adolescence, 25, 313-326. <br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jado.2002.0474Phalet, K., Andriessen, I., & Lens, W. (2004). How Future Goals En-hance Motivation and Learning in Multicultural Classrooms. Educational Psychology Review, 16, 59-89. <br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:EDPR.0000012345.71645.d4Piaget, J. (1955). The Development of Time Concepts in the Child. In P. H. Hoch, & J. Zubin (Eds.), Psychopathology of Childhood (pp. 34-44). New York: Grube & Strat-ton.Piaget, J. (1975). The Intellectual Development of the Adolescent. In A. H. Esman (Ed.), The Psychology of the Adolescent? Essential Readings (pp. 104-108). New York: International Universities Press.Rakowski, W. (1985). Future Time Perspective: Application to the Health Context of Later Adulthood. American Behavioral Scientist, 29, 730-745. <br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000276486029006007Rothspan, S., & Read, S. J. (1996). Present versus Future Time Perspective and HIV Risk among Heterosexual College Students. Healthy Psychology, 15, 131-134. <br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.15.2.131Seginer, R. (2009). Future Orientation: Developmental and Eco-logical Perspectives. New York: Springer.
<br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b106810Shipp, A. J., Edwards, J. R., & Lambert, L. S. (2002). Conceptualization and Measurement of Temporal Focus: The Subjective Experience of the Past, Present, and Future. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 110, 1-22.
<br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.05.001Shores, K., & Scott, D. (2007). The Relationship of Individual Time Perspective and Recreation Experience Preferences. Journal of Leisure Research, 39, 28-59.Steinberg, L. (2008). A Social Neuroscience Perspective on Adolescent Risk-Taking. Developmental Review, 28, 78-106.
<br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.002Steinberg, L., Graham, S., O’Brien, L., Woolard, J., Cauffman, E., & Banich, M. (2009). Age Differences in Future Orientation and Delay Discounting. Child Development, 80, 28-44. <br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01244.xTehan, J. E. (1957). Future Time Perspective, Optimism, and Academic Achievement. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 57, 379-380. <br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0042296Tismar, K. G. (1987). Psychological Aspects of Temporal Dominance during Adolescence. Psychological Reports, 61, 647- 654. <br>http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1987.61.2.647Webb, J. T., & Mayers, B. S. (1974). Developmental Aspects of Temporal Orientation in Adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 30, 504-507. <br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(197410)30:4<504::AID-JCLP2270300414>3.0.CO;2-QWessman, A. E., & Gorman, B. S. (1977). The Personal Experience of Time. New York: Plenum Press.Wills, T. A., Sandy, J. M., & Yaeger, A. M. (2001). Time Perspective and Early-Onset Substance Use: A Model Based on Stress-Coping Theory. Journal of Addictive Behaviors, 15, 118-125. <br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.15.2.118Worrell, F. C., & Mello, Z. R. (2009). Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Time Attitude Scores on the Adolescent Time Perspective Inventory. Diskurs Kindheits- und Jugendforschung [Research on Child and Adolescent Development], 2, 185-196.Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting Time in Perspective: A Valid, Reliable Individual Difference Metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1271-1288. <br>http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1271Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (2008). Time Paradox: The New Psychology of Time That Will Change Your Life. New York: Simon & Schuster.