空间数量联结效应(Spatial-Numerical Associations, SNAs)是指包括阿拉伯数字在内的形式更广泛的数量与空间之间的联结效应。本文从感觉和身体运动的角度,详细概述了视觉系统和前庭系统,身体运动和手指计数对空间数量表征的影响,并用具身理论对其进行新的解释,认为数量认知源于感觉和身体经验。未来的研究需借助于脑成像等研究手段来深入探讨基于感觉和身体运动的空间数量表征的神经生理机制,以及从纵向发展角度考查手指计数活动与空间数量表征之间的本质联系。 The SNAs effect refers to the association effect between space and a wide range of quantities in-cluding Arabic numerals. In this paper, the effects of visual system and vestibular system, body motion and finger counting on SNAs are described in detail from the perspective of sensation and body movement. A new explanation is given with the theory of embodiment in this paper indicating that the cognition of numbers origins from the senses and physical experiences. Future research needs to explore the neurophysiological mechanism of SNAs based on sensory and body motion by means of brain imaging and other research methods, and examine the essential relationship between finger counting activity and SNAs from the perspective of longitudinal development.
SNAs效应,感觉运动,身体运动,手指计数,具身认知, SNAs Effect Sensori-Motor Body Movement Finger Counting Embodied Cognition具身数量:感觉运动和身体运动对空间数量表征的影响
手指计数习惯具有普遍性和跨文化变异性。互联网在线调查发现,手指计数策略中,中东地区被试和西方被试存在文化差异(Lindemann, Alipour, & Fischer, 2011),不同的文化背景下个体所使用的手指表征数量的方式不同。因此手指计数方式的不同能够解释空间数量表征的文化差异性。因为手指计数有一种区别于书写或口头计数系统的独特属性,即它是一种感知运动体验,使身体运动和大脑活动形成了直接的联系,从心理上影响我们表征和处理数字的方式。并且在很多的文化里,儿童最初接触数量的概念是从掰手指开始的,将手指作为他们的计数工具,是儿童解决简单数字问题的一种普遍方式,例如中国儿童在学龄儿童早期就能够数到数字10 (Yang et al., 2014)。
4.3. 手指活动对空间数量表征影响的神经科学研究
Kaufmann et al. (2008)研究发现,被试在手指数字的比较任务中,相对于其它任务,会激活顶内皮层中更多与数字相关的脑区。且数量大小表征与内顶皮层有关,当涉及到数量表征的任务时都会激活该区域(Nieder, 2005; Hubbard et al., 2005)。Rusconi,Walsh和Butterworth (2005)使用重复穿颅磁刺激导致左侧角回的暂时性损伤,结果对手指辨别和数字加工任务产生了影响。进一步的研究表明,手指计数习惯能够激活与数字任务相关的运动皮层(Tschentscher, Hauk, Fischer, & Pulvermuller, 2012)。在简单的数字计算和手指辨别任务中,双侧顶叶皮层上存在血氧信号的重叠(Andres, Michaux, & Pesenti, 2012),这说明数字相关的脑区和手指相关的脑区都激活了,都存在于顶叶区域。因此,顶叶皮层可能是手指计数活动与数量表征的联结区域。
空间数量表征联结效应是数字认知的一种现象,按具身认知的观点,数字认知是通过身体的运动体验而形成的。Moller等提出的具身数量理论框架,认为数量的具身表征概括了手指表征和身体体验的空间数量表征,且数字大小的空间表征与身体运动之间存在共享的位置(Moeller et al., 2012)。结合具身认知的理论,组成我们知识的概念表征都建立在具体的感觉和运动经验的基础上,并表现在感觉运动水平的加工。例如空间数量表征效应发生时,低级的感觉运动模块会得到再激活,相关的感知觉运动过程得到模拟。
从基本的感知–运动系统来研究数量空间联结效应是对以往研究的一个突破,虽然数量空间联结效应的源研究中曾从身体形式(如交叉手)角度探讨过SNARC效应,但没有系统地深入研究,且存在不统一的观点(Dehaene et al., 1993; Wood et al., 2006)。近年来,已有大量研究从身体运动角度来看待数量空间联结效应,取得了诸多进展,但还是存在一些未解决的问题,需要进一步的研究。
朱荣娟,周 圆,张 宇,游旭群. 具身数量:感觉运动和身体运动对空间数量表征的影响Embodied Numerosity: Sensori-Motor and Body Movement Influence Spatial-Numerical Representation[J]. 心理学进展, 2016, 06(10): 1108-1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/AP.2016.610140
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