随着正念在健康人群中的普及,正念的“有益之处”受到越来越多的关注。然而,有研究却发现正念与创造力之间的关系并没有展现出一如既往的“有益”。面对正念与创造力之间模棱两可的关系,本文对目前国外正念和创造力的相关研究进行了系统梳理,综述和概括了两者之间的关系及其潜在的影响因素,提出了未来研究应关注的方向,以期为国内开展相关研究提供启发。 As mindfulness becomes popular in healthy people, the benefit of mindfulness has also attracted more and more attention. However, some studies have found that mindfulness does not have a positive effect on creativity. Facing the inconsistent results, this paper firstly reviews the previous researches. And then, we summarized the different views on this problem and the possible in-fluencing factors. Finally, the future development tendency and the relevant research directions are expected in this paper. We hoped that this review would give help and guidance to further studies.
尽管正念在临床应用上取得了令人瞩目的成绩,但目前对正念的理论研究仍存在着不足。一方面,正念的概念不够清晰,它既可以表示一种冥想行为,也可以表示一种心理状态或类人格特质。另一方面,正念结构较为复杂,现有正念量表对正念成分的划分各有侧重,如正念注意觉知量表(Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale, MAAS)将正念看作一个单因素结构,主要测量个体对当下体验保持注意和觉察的总体倾向,而肯塔基州觉知量表(Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills, KIMS)则认为正念包括四种技术,观察(Observation)、描述(Description)、有觉知地行动(Act with awareness)、不评价的接纳(Accept without judgment),等等。因此,面对正念与创造力之间不一致的结果,研究者们首先开始考虑与正念概念相关的这些因素是否起到了一定的中介或调节作用。
人格是指个体相对稳定的心理特征的集合。McCrae和Costa (1985)对人格结构进行了分析,得出了一个五因素模型,包括神经质(Neuroticism)、外倾性(Extraversion)、开放性(Openness to experience)、宜人性(Agreeableness)和责任心(Conscientiousness)。这五因素中,神经质人格和正念、创造力都有着密切联系。Zabelina等人(2011)将神经质、组别(正念组vs控制组),神经质×组别同时放入多元回归方程中,对创造力任务的细致性(Elaboration)得分进行预测,结果显示神经质和组别的主效应都不显著,而神经质与组别的交互作用显著存在。进一步分析可得,在高神经质水平的个体中,正念冥想显著提高了细致性得分,而在低神经质水平的个体中,并未出现同样效果。
3.4. 情绪因素
情绪与正念联系十分紧密(Jain et al., 2007; Baas, De Dreu, & Nijstad, 2008; Jha et al., 2010; Colzato et al., 2012, 2014; 闫慧等,2014)。因此,近年来,不少研究者也开始对情绪因素在正念训练效果上的作用产生兴趣。例如,Mandal等人(2012)对正念和心理健康关系中情绪的可能作用进行了研究,发现负性情绪调节了正念和心理疾病或心理压力之间的关系。在正念与创造力的相关研究中,Ostafin等人(2012)最早探讨了正性情绪的作用,他们对特质正念、顿悟问题的解决及正性情绪进行了回归分析,发现当控制了正性情绪这一变量后,特质正念与顿悟问题解决之间的相关仍然显著存在,从而拒绝了正性情绪作为中介变量的假设。这与Baas等人(2014)的研究结果一致,他们通过情感网格(Affect Grid)研究了情绪和唤醒的作用,结果显示正性情绪(愉悦)与唤醒都不是正念训练影响创造力的中介途径。虽然正念通常显示出改善负性情绪,增强正性情绪的效果(Jain et al., 2007; Baas, De Dreu, & Nijstad, 2008; Jha et al., 2010; Colzato et al., 2012, 2014; 闫慧等,2014),且正性情绪也能有效的预测创造力表现(Ashby, Isen, & Turken, 1999; Baas, De Dreu, & Nijstad, 2008)。但上述研究表明,正念并不是通过正性情绪对创造力产生影响的。
徐一心,徐 琪. 正念与创造力关系的研究综述The Review of the Relationship between Mindfulness and Creativity[J]. 心理学进展, 2016, 06(12): 1240-4246. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/AP.2016.612156
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