面部表情通过所表达的情绪会影响个体的唤醒,也会对个体的注意产生影响。唤醒和注意是影响时距知觉的主要因素,因此面部表情会影响时距知觉。已有大量研究探讨了面部表情对时距知觉的影响,发现不同面部表情对时距知觉的影响有所不同。文章首先梳理了高兴、愤怒、恐惧、悲伤和厌恶面部表情影响时距知觉的实证研究;然后,以标量计时理论对面部表情影响时距知觉的原因进行归纳和解释;最后,提出该领域未来的研究方向:探讨眼睛在面部表情影响时距知觉中的作用,以及面部表情对秒上、秒下时距知觉的影响。 The emotion which is expressed by facial expression not only affects individual’s arousal, but also affects individual’s attention. As arousal and attention are the main factors that affect duration perception, facial expressions can affect duration perception. A lot of studies have investigated the influence of facial expression on duration perception, and found that the influence on duration perception is different across facial expression. Present article reviewed empirical researches about the influence of facial expression on duration perception including joy, anger, fear, sadness and disgust. The scalar timing theory could be used to explain the reasons of how facial expression affects duration perception. Future studies should aim at the following two aspects: the effect of eye on facial expression affecting duration perception, and the influence of facial expression on sub-second and supra-second duration perception.
在唤醒方面,根据Russell (1980)的情绪维度理论,高兴、愤怒、恐惧、厌恶属于高唤醒情绪,而悲伤属于低唤醒情绪,高兴、愤怒、恐惧、厌恶表情能诱发比中性表情高的唤醒。在注意方面,虽然高兴、愤怒、恐惧表情会吸引更多的注意资源(Pinkham et al., 2010),但是在较短时距知觉中主要是唤醒机制起作用(Lake et al., 2016),注意机制作用并不明显(甘甜,罗跃嘉,张志杰,2009),而已有的研究采用的时距多为短时距,因此,唤醒机制在解释以上结果中起到了主导作用。
第二方面,应重视面部表情对秒上、秒下时距知觉的影响。已有的研究使用的时距范围多是400 ms到1600 ms,并没有对秒上和秒下进行区分,根据时间分段综合模型(range-synthetic model of temporal cognition),人类对时间的认知具有分段性,不同持续时间的认知表征是不同的(黄希庭,2014)。Lewis & Miall (2003)回顾了功能性磁共振成像研究成果后认为,时距信息加工分为自动加工和认知控制加工两种机制,“1 s”是两种加工机制的分界点。“秒下”(sub-second)时距加工主要是自动加工,不受注意、唤醒等因素的影响;“秒上”(supra-second)时距加工主要是认知控制加工,易受注意、唤醒等因素的影响。研究发现识别面部表情需要一定的时间(Willis & Todorov, 2006)。因此面部表情对时距知觉的影响可能受到秒下和秒上时距加工的调节。
基金项目
西南大学心理学部2012研究团队建设项目“时间分段综合模型的机制与应用”(TR201201-1)。
文章引用
田中赛,田 宇,黄希庭. 面部表情对时距知觉的影响研究综述The Review of the Effect of Facial Expression on Duration Perception[J]. 心理学进展, 2017, 07(08): 1037-1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/AP.2017.78130
参考文献 (References)References陈有国, 黄希庭, 尹天子, 张锋(2011). 时间知觉的理论模型与展望. 西南大学学报(社会科学版), 37(5), 26-33.谷莉, 白学军(2014). 成人与幼儿面部表情注意偏好的眼动研究. 心理科学, 37(1), 101-105.甘甜, 罗跃嘉, 张志杰(2009). 情绪对时间知觉的影响. 心理科学, 32(4), 836-839.黄希庭(2014). 探究心理时间. 北京: 商务印书馆.黄希庭, 郑涌(2015). 心理学导论. 北京: 人民教育出版社.孟昭兰(1987). 为什么面部表情可以作为情绪研究的客观指标. 心理学报, 19(2), 124-134.马谐, 陶云, 胡文钦(2009). 时距知觉中的情绪效应. 心理科学进展, 17(1), 29-36.陶云, 马谐(2010). 面孔情绪下3~8岁儿童时距知觉的实验研究. 心理发展与教育, 26(3), 225-232.王宁, 王锦琰, 罗非(2016). 情绪对时间知觉的影响及其神经生理学机制. 生理学报, 68(4), 464-474.尹华站, 黄希庭(2003). 时间估计方法学的困境. 内蒙古师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 32(3), 106-109.袁加锦, 汪宇, 鞠恩霞, 李红(2010). 情绪加工的性别差异及神经机制. 心理科学进展, 18(12), 1899-1908.叶奕乾, 何存道, 梁宁建(2010). 普通心理学. 上海: 华东师范大学出版社.Almeida, P. R., Ferreira-Santos, F., Chaves, P. L., Paiva, T. O., Barbosa, F., & Marques-Teixeira, J. (2016). Perceived Arousal of Facial Expressions of Emotion Modulates the N170, Regardless of Emotional Category: Time Domain and Time-Frequency Dynamics. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 99, 48-56.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.11.017Bar-Haim, Y., Kerem, A., Lamy, D., & Zakay, D. (2010). When Time Slows down: the Influence of Threat on Time Perception in Anxiety. Cognition & Emotion, 24, 255-263. <br>https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930903387603Baudouin, A., Vanneste, S., Isingrini, M., & Pouthas, V. (2006). Differential Involvement of Internal Clock and Working Memory in the Production and Reproduction of Duration: A Study on Older Adults. Acta Psychologica, 121, 285-296.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2005.07.004Beckmann, J. S., & Young, M. E. (2009). Stimulus Dynamics and Temporal Discrimination: Implications for Pacemakers. Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes, 35, 525-537. <br>https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015891Dong, P., & Wyer, R. S. (2014). How Time Flies: The Effects of Conversation Characteristics and Partner Attractiveness on Duration Judgments in a Social Interaction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 1-14.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.08.005Droit-Volet, S., & Rattat, A. C. (2007). A Further Analysis of Time Bisection Behavior in Children with and without Reference Memory: The Similarity and the Partition Task. Acta Psychologica, 125, 240-256.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2006.08.003Droit-Volet, S., Brunot, S., & Niedenthal, P. (2004). Brief Report Perception of the Duration of Emotional Events. Cognition & Emotion, 18, 849-858. <br>https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930341000194Droit-Volet, S., Mermillod, M., Cocenas-Silva, R., & Gil, S. (2010). The Effect of Expectancy of a Threatening Event on Time Perception in Human Adults. Emotion, 10, 908-914. <br>https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020258Effron, D. A., Niedenthal, P. M., Gil, S., & Droit-Volet, S. (2006). Embodied Temporal Perception of Emotion. Emotion, 6, 1-9. <br>https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.6.1.1Ekman, P. (1989). The Argument and Evidence about Universals in Facial Expressions. In H. Wagner, & A. Manstead (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychophysiology (pp. 143-164). New York: John Wiley & Sons.Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for Basic Emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 6, 169-200.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939208411068Ekman, P., Davidson, R. J., & Friesen, W. V. (1990). The Du-chenne Smile: Emotional Expression and Brain Physiology: II. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 342-353. <br>https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.342Fayolle, S. L., & Droit-Volet, S. (2014). Time Perception and Dynamics of Facial Expressions of Emotions. PLoS One, 9, e97944. <br>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097944Fox, E., Lester, V., Russo, R., Bowles, R. J., Pichler, A., & Dutton, K. (2000). Facial Expressions of Emotion: Are Angry Faces Detected More Efficiently? Cognition & Emotion, 14, 61-92. <br>https://doi.org/10.1080/026999300378996Franssen, V., & Vandierendonck, A. (2002). Time Estimation: Does the Reference Memory Mediate the Effect of Knowledge of Results? Acta Psychologica, 109, 239-267. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-6918(01)00059-2Fridlund, A. J. (1991). Evolution and Facial Action in Reflex, Social Motive, and Paralanguage. Biological Psychology, 32, 3-100. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-0511(91)90003-YGibbon, J. (1977). Scalar Expectancy Theory and Weber’s Law in Animal Timing. Psychological Review, 84, 279-325.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.3.279Gibbon, J., Church, R. M., & Meck, W. H. (1984). Scalar Timing in Memory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 423, 52-77. <br>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1984.tb23417.xGil, S., & Droit-Volet, S. (2011a). How Do Emotional Facial Expressions Influence Our Perception of Time? In S. Masmoudi, D. Y. Dai, & A. Naceur (Eds.), Attention, Representation, and Human Performance: Integration of Cognition, Emotion and Motivation (pp. 61-74). Hove: Psychology Press.Gil, S., & Droit-Volet, S. (2011b). “Time Flies in the Presence of Angry Faces”... Depending on the Temporal Task Used! Acta Psychologica, 136, 354-362. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.12.010Gil, S., Niedenthal, P. M., & Droit-Volet, S. (2007). Anger and Time Perception in Children. Emotion, 7, 219-225.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.219Grondin, S., Laflamme, V., & Gontier, E. (2014). Effect on Per-ceived Duration and Sensitivity to Time When Observing Disgusted Faces and Disgusting Mutilation Pictures. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 76, 1522-1534.
<br>https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-014-0682-7Kleinke, C. L. (1986). Gaze and Eye Contact: A Research Review. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 78-100.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.100.1.78Kliegl, K. M., Limbrecht-Ecklundt, K., Dürr, L., Traue, H. C., & Huckauf, A. (2015). The Complex Duration Perception of Emotional Faces: Effects of Face Direction. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1-10. <br>https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00262Lake, J. I., LaBar, K. S., & Meck, W. H. (2016). Emotional Modulation of Interval Timing and Time Perception. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 64, 403-420. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.003Lee, D. H., & Anderson, A. K. (2017). Reading What the Mind Thinks from How the Eye Sees. Psychological Science, 28, 494-503. <br>https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616687364Lewis, P. A., & Miall, R. C. (2003). Distinct Systems for Automatic and Cognitively Controlled Time Measurement: Evidence from Neuroimaging. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 13, 250-255.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-4388(03)00036-9Lobmaier, J. S., Tiddeman, B. P., & Perrett, D. I. (2008). Emotional Expression Modulates Perceived Gaze Direction. Emotion, 8, 573-577. <br>https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.8.4.573Matell, M. S., & Meck, W. H. (2004). Cortico-Striatal Circuits and Interval Timing: Coincidence Detection of Oscillatory Processes. Cognitive Brain Research, 21, 139-170. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.06.012Matthews, W. J., Stewart, N., & Wearden, J. H. (2011). Stimulus Intensity and the Perception of Duration. Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance, 37, 303-313. <br>https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019961Meck, W. H. (2006). Neuroanatomical Localization of an Internal Clock: A Functional Link between Mesolimbic, Nigrostriatal, and Mesocortical Dopaminergic Systems. Brain Research, 1109, 93-107.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.031Pinkham, A. E., Griffin, M., Baron, R., Sasson, N. J., & Gur, R. C. (2010). The Face in the Crowd Effect: Anger Superiority When Using Real Faces and Multiple Identities. Emotion, 10, 141-146. <br>https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017387Russell, A. (1980). A Circumplex Model of Affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161-1178.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077714Shiota, M. N., & Kalat, J. W. (2012). Emotion (2nd ed.). Wadsworth: Cengage Learning.Smilek, D., Birmingham, E., Cameron, D., Bischof, W., & Kingstone, A. (2006). Cognitive Ethology and Exploring Attention in Real-World Scenes. Brain Research, 1080, 101-119. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.090Soussignan, R. (2002). Duchenne Smile, Emotional Experience, and Autonomic Reactivity: A Test of the Facial Feedback Hypothesis. Emotion, 2, 52-74. <br>https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.2.1.52Stouten, J., & Cremer, D. D. (2010). “Seeing Is Believing”: the Effects of Facial Expressions of Emotion and Verbal Communication in Social Dilemmas. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 23, 271-287. <br>https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.659Surakka, V., & Hietanen, J. K. (1998). Facial and Emotional Reactions to Duchenne and Non-Duchenne Smiles. International Journal of Psychophysiology: Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology, 29, 23-33.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(97)00088-3Thomas, E. A., & Weaver, W. B. (1975). Cognitive Processing and Time Perception. Perception & Psychophysics, 17, 363-367.
<br>https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03199347Ulbrich, P., Churan, J., Fink, M., & Wittmann, M. (2007). Temporal Reproduction: Further Evidence for Two Processes. Acta Psychologica, 125, 51-65. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2006.06.004Willis, J., & Todorov, A. (2006). First Impressions: Making up Your Mind after a 100-Ms Exposure to a Face. Psychological Science, 17, 592-598. <br>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01750.x