情绪加工领域是老化过程中少有的受老化影响不明显的认知领域。国内外研究表明,情绪加工中年龄差异明显的脑区主要分布在前额皮层,尤其是内侧前额叶(mPFC)和边缘系统中的前部扣带回ACC、杏仁核和海马等。目前研究一致的发现是相比年轻人,老年人在前额激活更多,而在杏仁核等激活降低。在情绪效价加工方面,存在一种关于年龄的正性情绪偏向,但其认知神经机制尚不十分清楚,此外,研究表明在非限制性加工中,老化效应更加明显。本文介绍了两种关于情绪加工中老化效应的理论、模型,分别是社会情绪选择理论(SST)和情绪方面额叶-杏仁核的年龄差异模式,希望能够对情绪加工中的年龄差异做出解释。 The emotional processing is a cognitive field which is not significantly affected by aging. Domestic and foreign studies show that the brain regions exhibited the significant age-related difference during emotion processing are mainly distributed in the prefrontal cortex, especially the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the amygdala and the hippocampus within the limbic system. The existing studies come into being some consistent findings that compared with young people, older adults tend to activate more on the prefrontal regions, but less in the amygdala. In terms of emotion valence processing, there is an age-related positive effect which is accepted by the emotion domain, but the underlying neural mechanism is still not that clear. In addition, some studies have shown that in these tasks, the way the emotional stimuli processed is unconstrained; the aging effect is likely to be more apparent. This review introduces a theory and a model about the aging effect in emotion processing, the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (SST) and Fronto-amygdalar Age-related Differences in Emotion (FADE) model, respectively, with the hope to explain the age-related differences in emotion processing.
本文综述的关于情绪加工老化效应的理论假说主要有社会情绪选择理论(SST)和Fronto-amygdalar age-related Differences in Emotion (FADE)模式。
6.1. 社会情绪选择理论
社会情绪选择理论(Socioemotional Selectivity Theory)是1999年斯坦福大学的Laura L Carstensen教授在发表的一篇文章中提出的。该理论有三个假设,首先认为人的社会兴趣和社会依恋一直在变化;其次是人的目标构成人行为的动机;最后是人在一生中有不同的目标,这些目标之间常常相互矛盾,人们先选择目标,然后再行动(Carstensen et al., 1999)。
李 可. 效价及加工类型相关的情绪加工老化效应Emotion Valence and Task Type Related Aging Effect during Emotion Processing[J]. 心理学进展, 2018, 08(02): 212-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/AP.2018.82026
参考文献 (References)References高飞(2015). 杏仁核参与加工认知与情绪相互作用的机制. 心理技术与应用, No. 5, 3-9.吴凡, 王海宝, 余永强(2010). 情绪记忆中杏仁核和海马作用的fMRI. 放射学实践, 25, 276-279.喻婧, 马振玲, 牛亚南, 张宝山, 李娟(2015). 年龄相关的情绪偏向效应的时间进程. 生物化学与生物物理进展, 42, 365-374.张冬岩, 王敬欣(2012). 认知老化过程中情绪图片加工的积极效应: 眼动研究. 第十五届全国心理学学术会议论文摘要集(pp. 125). 北京: 中国心理学会.Amaral, D. G., & Price, J. L. (1984). Amygdalo-Cortical Projections in the Monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Journal of Comparative Neurology, 230, 465-496. <br>https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902300402Carstensen, L. L., & Mikels, J. A. (2005). At the Intersection of Emotion and Cognition Aging and the Positivity Effect. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 117-121. <br>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00348.xCarstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking Time Seriously: A Theory of Socioemotional Selectivity. American Psychologist, 54, 165-181. <br>https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165Comblain, C., D’Argembeau, A., Van der Linden, M., & Aldenhoff, L. (2004). The Effect of Ageing on the Recollection of Emotional and Neutral Pictures. Memory, 12, 673-684. <br>https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210344000477Ćurčić-Blake, B., Swart, M., & Aleman, A. (2012). Bidirectional Information Flow in Frontoamygdalar Circuits in Humans: A Dynamic Causal Modeling Study of Emotional Associative Learning. Cerebral Cortex, 22, 436-445.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr124Davis, S. W., Dennis, N. A., Daselaar, S. M., Fleck, M. S., & Cabeza, R. (2008). Que PASA? The Posterior-Anterior Shift in Aging. Cerebral Cortex, 18, 1201-1209. <br>https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm155Denburg, N. L., Buchanan, T. W., Tranel, D., & Adolphs, R. (2003). Evidence for Preserved Emotional Memory in Normal Older Persons. Emotion, 3, 239-253. <br>https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.3.3.239Depue, B. E., Orr, J. M., Smolker, H. R., Naaz, F., & Banich, M. T. (2015). The Organization of Right Prefrontal Networks Reveals Common Mechanisms of Inhibitory Regulation across Cognitive, Emotional, and Motor Processes. Cerebral Cortex, 1, 13.Fischer, H., Nyberg, L., & Backman, L. (2010). Age-Related Differences in Brain Regions Supporting Successful Encoding of Emotional Faces. Cortex, 46, 490-497. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2009.05.011Fischer, H., Sandblom, J., Gavazzeni, J., Fransson, P., Wright, C. I., & Backman, L. (2005). Age-Differential Patterns of Brain Activation during Perception of Angry Faces. Neuroscience Letters 386, 99-104.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2005.06.002Ge, R., Fu, Y., Wang, D., Yao, L., & Long, Z. (2014). Age-Related Alterations of Brain Network Underlying the Retrieval of Emotional Autobiographical Memories: An fMRI Study Using Independent Component Analysis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 1-17. <br>https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00629Grady, C. L., Maisog, J. M., Horwitz, B., Ungerleider, L. G., Mentis, M. J., Salerno, J. A., Haxby, J. V. et al. (1994). AgeRelated Changes in Cortical Blood Flow Activation during Visual Processing of Faces and Location. The Journal of Neuroscience, 14, 1450-1462.Gross, J. J., Carstensen, L. L., Pasupathi, M., Tsai, J., Götestam Skorpen, C., & Hsu, A. Y. C. (1997). Emotion and Aging: Experience, Expression, and Control. Psychology and Aging, 12, 590-599. <br>https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.12.4.590Gunning-Dixon, F. M., Gur, R. C., Perkins, A. C., Schroeder, L., Turner, T., Turetsky, B. I., & Gur, R. E. (2003). Age-Related Differences in Brain Activation during Emotional Face Processing. Neurobiology of Aging, 24, 285-295.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-4580(02)00099-4Gutchess, A. H., Kensinger, E. A., & Schacter, D. L. (2007). Aging, Self-Referencing, and Medial Prefrontal Cortex. Social Neuroscience, 2, 117-133. <br>https://doi.org/10.1080/17470910701399029Hamann, S. (2012). Mapping Discrete and Dimensional Emotions onto the Brain: Controversies and Consensus. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16, 458-466. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.07.006Iidaka, T., Okada, T., Murata, T., Omori, M., Kosaka, H., Sadato, N., & Yonekura, Y. (2002). Age-Related Differences in the Medial Temporal Lobe Responses to Emotional Faces as Revealed by fMRI. Hippocampus, 12, 352-362.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.1113Kensinger, E. A., Brierley, B., Medford, N., Growdon, J. H., & Corkin, S. (2002). Effects of Normal Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease on Emotional Memory. Emotion, 2, 118-134. <br>https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.2.2.118Kim, S. H., & Hamann, S. (2007). Neural Correlates of Positive and Negative Emotion Regulation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 776-798. <br>https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.5.776Kryla-Lighthall, N., & Mather, M. (2009). The Role of Cognitive Control in Older Adults’ Emotional Well-Being.Leclerc, C. M., & Kensinger, E. A. (2008). Age-Related Differences in Medial Prefrontal Activation in Response to Emotional Images. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 153-164. <br>https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.8.2.153Leclerc, C. M., & Kensinger, E. A. (2011). Neural Processing of Emotional Pictures and Words: A Comparison of Young and Older Adults. Developmental Neuropsychology, 36, 519-538. <br>https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2010.549864Mather, M. (2006). Why Memories May Become More Positive as People Age. In B. Uttl, N. Ohta, & A. L. Siegenthaler (Eds.), Memory and Emotion: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (pp. 135-158). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470756232.ch7Mather, M. (2016). The Affective Neuroscience of Aging. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 213-238.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033540Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2003). Aging and Attentional Biases for Emotional Faces. Psychological Science, 14, 409-415. <br>https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.01455Mather, M., Canli, T., English, T., Whitfield, S., Wais, P., Ochsner, K., & Carstensen, L. L. (2004). Amygdala Responses to Emotionally Valenced Stimuli in Older and Younger Adults. Psychological Science, 15, 259-263.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00662.xMcRae, K. L. (2007). Functional and Effective Connectivity of Effortful Emotion Regulation. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona.Moscovitch, M., & Winocur, G. (1995). Frontal Lobes, Memory, and Aging. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 769, 119-150. <br>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb38135.xMurphy, N. A., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2008). Preferences for Emotional Information in Older and Younger Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Memory and Attention Tasks. Psychology and Aging, 23, 263-286.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.23.2.263Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2005). The Cognitive Control of Emotion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 242-249.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010Raz, N. (2000). Aging of the Brain and Its Impact on Cognitive Performance: Integration of Structural and Functional Findings. In F. I. M. C. T. A. Salthouse (Ed.), The Handbook of Aging and Cognition (pp. 1-90, 2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.Reed, A. E., Chan, L., & Mikels, J. A. (2014). Meta-Analysis of the Age-Related Positivity Effect: Age Differences in Preferences for Positive over Negative Information. Psychology and Aging, 29, 1-15. <br>https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035194Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., & Park, D. C. (2010). Human Neuroscience and the Aging Mind: A New Look at Old Problems. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 65, 405-415. <br>https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbq035Rozin, P., & Royzman, E. B. (2001). Negativity Bias, Negativity Dominance, and Contagion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 296-320. <br>https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0504_2Russell, J. A., & Pratt, G. (1980). A Description of the Affective Quality Attributed to Environments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 311-322. <br>https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.38.2.311Salthouse, T. A. (2010). Selective Review of Cognitive Aging. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16, 754-760. <br>https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617710000706St Jacques, P. L., Bessette-Symons, B., & Cabeza, R. (2009). Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Aging and Emotion: Fronto-Amygdalar Differences during Emotional Perception and Episodic Memory. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15, 819-825. <br>https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617709990439St. Jacques, P. L., Dolcos, F., & Cabeza, R. (2009). Effects of Aging on Functional Connectivity of the Amygdala for Subsequent Memory of Negative Pictures: A Network Analysis of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data. Psychological Science, 20, 74-84. <br>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02258.xSt. Jacques, P., Dolcos, F., & Cabeza, R. (2010). Effects of Aging on Functional Connectivity of the Amygdala during Negative Evaluation: A Network Analysis of fMRI Data. Neurobiology of Aging, 31, 315-327.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.03.012Swick, D., Ashley, V., & Turken, A. U. (2008). Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus Is Critical for Response Inhibition. BMC Neurosci, 9, 102. <br>https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-9-102Tessitore, A., Hariri, A. R., Fera, F., Smith, W. G., Das, S., Wein-berger, D. R., & Mattay, V. S. (2005). Functional Changes in the Activity of Brain Regions Underlying Emotion Processing in the Elderly. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 139, 9-18. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2005.02.009Vogt, B. A., Finch, D. M., & Olson, C. R. (1992). Functional Heterogeneity in Cingulate Cortex: The Anterior Executive and Posterior Evaluative Regions. Cerebral Cortex, 2, 435-443. <br>https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/2.6.435-aWager, T. D., Phan, K. L., Liberzon, I., & Taylor, S. F. (2003). Valence, Gender, and Lateralization of Functional Brain Anatomy in Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Findings from Neuroimaging. Neuroimage, 19, 513-531.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00078-8Williams, L. M., Brown, K. J., Palmer, D., Liddell, B. J., Kemp, A. H., Olivieri, G., & Gordon, E. (2006). The Mellow Years: Neural Basis of Improving Emotional Stability over Age. The Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 6422-6430.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0022-06.2006