工作记忆(Working memory, WM)是个体认知能力的一个重要指标,在研究中往往采用工作记忆容量(Working memory capacity, WMC)来体现个体的工作记忆能力大小,顿悟属于聚合思维(Convergent Thinking, CT)的一部分,是创造性思维的一种体现。在以往研究中对于工作记忆容量大小是否会影响顿悟问题解决一直没有得到一个统一的结论,本文从顿悟问题解决属于一般问题解决过程还是属于特殊问题解决过程的争议出发,对工作记忆容量与顿悟问题解决的关系进行梳理,分析相关研究存在的一些不足以及造成研究结论不统一的原因,最后结合当前的研究现状对未来研究进行了一个展望。<br/>Working memory capacity (WMC) is an important indicator of individual cognitive ability and is often used to reflect the individual’s working memory ability. Insight is part of convergent think-ing (CT) and is a reflection of creative thinking. In the past research, there has not been a unified conclusion on whether the working memory capacity will affect the solution of insight problem. In the present study, we start from the controversy that the insight problem solves belong to the general problem solving process or the special problem solving process, and to sort out the rela-tionship between working memory capacity and insights. Finally, we analyze some of the shortcomings of relevant research and the reasons for the inconsistency of the research conclusions. A future outlook is made based on the current research status.
工作记忆容量,顿悟问题,一般问题解决过程,特殊问题解决过程, Working Memory Capacity Insight Problem General Problem Solving Process Special Problem Solving Process工作记忆容量与顿悟问题解决的关系
李俊楠,马 斌,杨兵兵. 工作记忆容量与顿悟问题解决的关系The Relationship between Working Memory Capacity and Insight Problem Solving[J]. 心理学进展, 2019, 09(01): 51-56. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2019.91007
参考文献ReferencesAsh, I. K., & Wiley, J. (2006). The Nature of Restructuring in Insight: An Individual Differences Approach. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13, 66-73. <br>https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193814Baddeley, A. D. (2000). The Episodic Buffer: A New Component of Working Memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 417-423. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01538-2Ball, L., & Stevens, A. (2009). Evidence for a Verbally-Based Analytic Component to Insight Problem Solving. In N. Taatgen, & H. J. van Rijn (Eds.), Proceedings of the Thirty-First Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1060-1065). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.Bowden, E. M., & Jung-Beeman, M. (2003a). Aha! Insight Experience Correlates with Solution Activation in the Right Hemisphere. Psychological Bulletin Review, 10, 730-737. <br>https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196539Bowden, E. M., Beeman, M. J., Fleck, J., & Kounios, J. (2005). New Approaches to Demystifying Insight. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 322-328. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.05.012Chein, J. M., & Weisberg, R. W. (2014). Working Memory and Insight in Verbal Problems: Analysis of Compound Remote Associates. Memory & Cognition, 42, 67-83. <br>https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-013-0343-4Chein, J. M., Weisberg, R. W., Streeter, N. L., & Kwok, S. (2010). Working Memory and Insight in the Nine-Dot Problem. Memory & Cognition, 38, 883-892. <br>https://doi.org/10.3758/MC.38.7.883Chronicle, E. P., MacGregor, J. N., & Ormerod, T. C. (2004). What Makes an Insight Problem? The Roles of Heuristics, Goal Conception, and Solution Recoding in Knowledge-Lean Problems. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30, 14-27. <br>https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.30.1.14Chu, Y., & Macgregor, J. N. (2011). Human Performance on Insight Problem Solving: A Review. Journal of Problem Solving, 3. <br>https://doi.org/10.7771/1932-6246.1094Conway, A. R. A., Cowan, N., Bunting, M. F., Therriault, D., & Minkoff, S. (2002). A Latent Variable Analysis of Working Memory Capacity, Short Term Memory Capacity, Processing Speed, and General Fluid Intelligence. Intelligence, 30, 163-183. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-2896(01)00096-4Conway, A. R. A., Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2003). Working Memory Capacity and Its Relation to General Intelligence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 547-552. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2003.10.005Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). Individual Differences in Working Memory and Reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 450-466. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(80)90312-6Davidson, J. E. (1995). The Suddenness of Insight. In R. J. Sternberg, & J. E. Davidson (Eds.), The Nature of Insight, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 125-155.De Dreu, C. K. W., Nijstad, B. A., Baas, M., Wolsink, I., & Roskes, M. (2012). Working Memory Benefits Creative Insight, Musical Improvisation, and Original Ideation through Maintained Task-Focused Attention. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 656-669. <br>https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211435795Decaro, M. S., Van Stockum, C. A., & Wieth, M. B. (2016). When Higher Working Memory Capacity Hinders Insight. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 42, 39-49.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000152Dow, G. T., & Mayer, R. E. (2004). Teaching Students to Solve Insight Problems: Evidence for Domain Specifcity in Creativity Training. Creativity Research Journal, 16, 389-402. <br>https://doi.org/10.1080/10400410409534550Engle, R. W., Tuholski, S. W., Laughlin, J. E., & Conway, A. R. A. (1999). Working Memory, Short-Term Memory and General Fluid Intelligence: A Latent Variable Approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128, 309-331.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.128.3.309Fleck, J. I. (2008). Working Memory Demands in Insight versus Analytic Problem Solving. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 20, 139-176. <br>https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440601016954Gilhooly, K. J., & Fioratou, E. (2009). Executive Functions in Insight versus Noninsight Problem Solving: An Individual Differences Approach. Think Reason, 15, 355-376. <br>https://doi.org/10.1080/13546780903178615Gilhooly, K. J., & Murphy, P. (2005). Differentiating Insight from Noninsight Problems. Thinking & Reasoning, 11, 279-302.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1080/13546780442000187Jarosz, A. F., Colflesh, G. J. H., & Wiley, J. (2012). Uncorking the Muse: Alcohol Intoxication Facilitates Creative Problem Solving. Consciousness and Cognition, 21, 487-493. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2012.01.002Knöblich, G., Ohlsson, S., Haider, H., & Rhenius, D. (1999). Constraint Relaxation and Chunk Decomposition in Insight Problem Solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25, 1534-1555.MacGregor, J. N., & Cunningham, J. B. (2008). Rebus Puzzles as Insight Problems. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 263-268. <br>https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.1.263Mednick, S. A. (1962). The Associative Basis of the Creative Process. Psychological Review, 69, 220-232.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1037/h0048850Nęcka, E., Żak, P., & Gruszka, A. (2016). Insightful Imagery Is Related to Working Memory Updating. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 137.Ohlsson, S. (1984a). Restructuring Revisited: Summary and Critique of the Gestalt Theory of Problem Solving. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 25, 65-78Ohlsson, S. (1984b). Restructuring Revisited: An Information Processing Theory of Restructuring and Insight. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 25, 117-129.Ohlsson, S. (2011). Deep Learning: How the Mind Overrides Experience. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511780295Owen, A. M., McMillan, K. M., Laird, A. R., & Bullmore, E. (2005). N-Back Working Memory Paradigm: A Meta-Analysis of Normative Functional Neuroimaging Studies. Human Brain Mapping, 25, 46-59.Reverberi, C., Toraldo, A., D’Agostini, S., & Skrap, M. (2005). Better without (Lateral) Frontal Cortex? Insight Problems Solved by Frontal Patients. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 128, 2882-2890. <br>https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh577Schooler, J. W., Ohlsson, S., & Brooks, K. (1993). Thoughts beyond Words: When Language Overshadows Insight. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 166-183. <br>https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.122.2.166Seifert, C. M., Meyer, D. E., Davidson, N., Patalano, A. L., & Yaniv, I. (1995). Demystification of Cognitive Insight: Opportunistic Assimilation and the Prepared-Mind Perspective. In R. J. Sternberg, & J. E. Davidson (Eds.), The Nature of Insight (pp. 65-124). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Wieth, M. B., & Zacks, R. T. (2011). Time of Day Effects on Problem Solving: When the Non-Optimal Is Optimal. Thinking & Reasoning, 17, 387-401. <br>https://doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2011.625663Wiley, J., & Jarosz, A. (2012b). Working Memory Capacity, Attentional Focus, and Problem Solving. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21, 258-262.Wilhelm, O., Hildebrandt, A., & Oberauer, K. (2013). What Is Working Memory Capacity, and How Can We Measure It? Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 433.Yeh, Y.-C., Tsai, J.-L., Hsu, W.-C., & Lin, C. F. (2014). A Model of How Working Memory Capacity Influences Insight Problem Solving in Situations with Multiple Visual Representations: An Eye-Tracking Analysis. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 13, 153-167. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2014.04.003Zabelina, D. L., & Beeman, M. (2013). Short-Term Attentional Perseveration Associated with Real-Life Creative Achievement. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 191. <br>https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00191