敬畏被认为是由个体知觉到且需要顺应的浩瀚感引起,逐渐成为了心理学家关注的热点。大量的实证研究探讨了敬畏对于个人生活领域的影响。近年来出现了关于敬畏研究的两种取向,一种是情绪研究取向,一种是经验研究取向。未来应深入研究探讨敬畏的内部心理生理机制、消极敬畏的影响、测量工具的开发和两种取向的融合。 Awe is defined as a perception of vastness that needs to be accommodated. It has gradually be-come a topic in psychology. A large number of empirical studies have explored the impact of awe on areas of personal life. In recent years, there have been two orientations on the study of awe. One is the orientation of emotional research, and the other is the orientation of empirical research. In the future, the internal psychophysiological mechanism of awe, the influence of negative awe, the development of measurement tools and the integration of the two orientations should be further studied and discussed.
敬畏,敬畏情绪,敬畏体验,研究取向, Awe Emotional Awe Empirical Awe Research Orientation敬畏心理研究综述
直到Keltner和Haidt (2003)提出将敬畏定义为无法同化但是可以被容纳的浩瀚感,包含了惊奇、疑惑、钦佩等感觉的情绪复合体,敬畏才引起了学术界的关注。Keltner和Haidt (2003)提出了敬畏的的原型模型(prototype approach of awe)理论。原型理论认为知觉到广阔(perceived vastness)和顺应(a need for accommodation)是敬畏的两个核心特征。知觉到的广阔是指任何能让个体认知到比自己大的东西,这可以是名誉、权利,也可以是巨大的声音、建筑物等。顺应是指皮亚杰理论中当个体在无法吸收新经验时,重组和改造其认知结构的心理过程(Piaget, 1973)。Kelnter和Haidt的概念定义和理论模型得到了广泛的认可,后续引起了热烈的探讨和实证研究。Bonner和Friedman (2011)采用现象解释学的研究方法阐述了与敬畏情绪相关的三个维度、十个体验主题。情感维度包括深刻意义(profoundness)、联系感(connectedness)、神圣感(numinous)和恐惧(fear);认知维度包括知觉到的浩瀚(vastness)、生存意识(existential awareness)、开放性与接受性(openness and acceptance)、不可言说的奇妙(ineffable wonder);感觉维度包括存在感(presence)和高度知觉意识(heightened perceptions)。其中深刻意义、联系感和生存意识是最为普遍的关于的敬畏的三个主题体验。
其次,敬畏可以影响个体的亲社会态度,增加亲社会行为。Piff等人(2015)研究发现,敬畏作为集体情感的一种会导致个体自我意识和自我关注的减少,亲社会行为的增加。这是因为在敬畏的影响下,个体会体验到一个“小自我”,这意味个体的自我意识和自我概念想对减少。这种状态下个体会将关注点转向更大更广阔的事物,认为自己不那么重要从而导致更多的亲社会行为。此外,在日常生活中拥有更多敬畏情绪的个体会出现更多的慷慨行为和助人行为,表现为利他主义的强烈美德(Zhou, Wu, Han, B., & Lin, 2014; Prade & Saroglou, 2016)。原因之一是当个体在面对巨大事物并挑战他们已有认知时会感到敬畏,这种情绪导致个体产生自我贬损和谦卑的心理,从而对抗个体自私的倾向(Stellar et al., 2018)。敬畏在不仅增强个体的亲社会行为,同时也减少个体的攻击行为(Yang, Yang, Bao et al., 2016)。
第三, 敬畏可以影响个体的认知和自我意识。Rudd等人(2012)的研究发现敬畏相较于其他情绪,个体更能知觉到时间的充裕性和可用性。这种感知时间充裕性和可用性的增强了个体的亲社会性,提升了个体的生活满意度。进一步研究证明,敬畏作为一种积极情绪与兴趣相比,扩大了个体的注意范围(Sung & Yih, 2015),增强了个体对于超自然和世俗环境中对主体的察觉(Valdesolo & Graham, 2014)。此外,敬畏对个体的自我意识也产生了一定的影响。研究表明敬畏诱发个体精神上的自我超越情绪(Yaden et al., 2016)。在敬畏情绪的影响下个体更有可能选择一个具有精神意义的(西藏)旅游地而不是一个以享乐为主(海边)的旅游地,这体现了个体希望与他们产生联系感的诉求(Van Cappellen & Saraglou, 2012)。Bai等人(2017)的研究发现,敬畏作为一种集体情感,它的产生会使个体减少自我意识,转移对个人利益和自我关注的注意力从而能向他人靠拢,融入社会与集体。此外,有研究证明“大五人格”中的开放性对敬畏也有影响,即高度开放的个体能体验到更多的敬畏情绪(Silvia, Fayn, Nusbaum et al., 2015)。
4.2. 体验研究取向的敬畏
上述研究都是基于定量的研究方法,Schneider (2017)认为定量研究虽然是一种客观化的研究方法,但是其具备一定的狭隘性,对研究结果的推广提出了一定的质疑;另外在实验室诱导被试敬畏情绪的都是一些短暂的场景或是纸笔书写,对敬畏所产生的持续性影响无法得知。以定量为主的研究方法将敬畏看作是一种情绪情感成分,鉴于敬畏的多维性和非传统性,Schneider (2009)认为应该将敬畏视为一种深刻而持久的体验,提倡对敬畏的研究应加入定性研究方法,也可采用定性与定量混合研究的方法。Schneider (2009)以现象学为基础,研究发现了敬畏与对生活变迁的持续性欣赏有关,包含了六个基本主题,分别是对时间流逝的敏锐知觉(an acute awareness of the passing nature of time)、适应惊奇(the attunement to wonder and surprise)、适应日常生活经验的宇宙背景(the realization of a cosmiccontext toeveryday experiences)、对生活的复杂性和微妙之处的认识(the perception of the intricacy and subtleties of life)、深受感动的经历(the experience of being deeply, emotionally moved )和对孤独的欣赏(the appreciation for solitude)。Bonner (2015)采用了定性和定量的研究方法探讨了气质敬畏的多维性,研究发现精神灵性与创造性(creative)与敬畏存在着显著相关。Alice等人(2016)提出可以运用VR技术来诱导被试在敬畏方面的强烈体验。
首先,关于敬畏的内部心理机制研究和神经生理机制尚不明确。实证研究多集中与敬畏对个人生活领域的影响,对于敬畏的内部心理机制和神经生理机制探讨甚少。有研究证明除了寒冷,敬畏是引起机体起鸡皮疙瘩反应的第二大因素(Schurtz, Blincoe, Smith et al., 2012)。但是敬畏的面部表情表达特征、神经机制、是否能引起其他的生理反应目前尚不明确。
其次,目前大多数关于敬畏的研究多集中研究敬畏的积极面。敬畏分为消极敬畏和积极敬畏两种状态。无论哪种取向的敬畏研究都基于敬畏的积极面,证明了积极的敬畏有益于个体的身心健康。但有研究指出超过20%的敬畏是对威胁和危险的感知,它同样可以发生在自然、社会事件和宗教等大多数领域中(Gordon, Stellar, Anderson et al., 2016)。未来的研究可以探讨消极敬畏的诱发因素、对个体生理心理的影响。
李 婷,张荣华. 敬畏心理研究综述The Research Review of Awe[J]. 心理学进展, 2019, 09(08): 1418-1423. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2019.98173
参考文献References续丽萍, 王泰(2018). 教育要让学生心存敬畏. 教书育人, 654(32), 66.杨伯峻(2015). 论语译注(大字本). 北京: 中华书局出版.袁华智(2018). 权责在身应知敬畏. 当代兵团, 349(22), 51.Alice, C., Yaden, D. B., Gi-useppe, R., & Andrea, G. (2016). The Potential of Virtual Reality for the Investigation of Awe. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, Article No. 1766. <br>https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01766Bai, Y., Maruskin, L. A., Chen, S., Gordon, A. M., Stellar, J. E., Mcneil, G. D. et al. (2017). Awe, the Diminished Self, and Collective Engagement: Universals and Cultural Variations in the Small Self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113, 185-209. <br>https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000087Bonner, E. (2015). Exploring Dispositional Awe and Its Relationship with Spiritual Intelligence: Measuring Dispositional Awe as a Multidimensional Construct. San Diego, CA: North Central University.Bonner, E. T., & Friedman, H. L. (2011). A Conceptual Clarification of the Experience of Awe: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. The Humanistic Psychologist, 39, 222-235. <br>https://doi.org/10.1080/08873267.2011.593372Chirico, A., & Gaggioli, A. (2018). Awe: “More than a Feeling”. The Humanistic Psychologist, 46, 274-280.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1037/hum0000098Chirico, A., Cipresso, P., Yaden, D. B., Biassoni, F., Riva, G., & Gaggioli, A. (2017). Effectiveness of Immersive Videos in Inducing Awe: An Experimental Study. Scientific Reports, 7, Article No. 1218.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01242-0Ekman, P. (1992). An Argument for Basic Emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 6, 169-200.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939208411068Gordon, A. M., Stellar, J. E., Anderson, C. L., Mcneil, G. D., Loew, D., & Keltner, D. (2016). The Dark Side of the Sublime: Distinguishing a Threat-Based Variant of Awe. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113, 310-328.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000120Griskevicius, V., Shiota, M. N., & Neufeld, S. L. (2010). Influence of Different Positive Emotions on Persuasion Processing: A Functional Evolutionary Approach. Emotion, 10, 190-206. <br>https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018421Izard, C. E. (1977). Human Emotions. New York: New York Plenum Press. <br>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2209-0Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (2003). Approaching Awe, a Moral, Spiritual, and Aesthetic Emotion. Cognition & Emotion, 17, 297-314. <br>https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930302297Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Gouin, J. P., & Hantsoo, L. (2010). Close Relationships, Inflammation, and Health. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 33-38. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.09.003Krause, N., & Hayward, R. D. (2015). Assessing Whether Practical Wisdom and Awe of God Are Associated with Life Satisfaction. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 7, 51-59. <br>https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037694Lazarus, R. S. (2014). Emotion and Adaptation. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 181, 17-23.Piaget, J. (1973). The Child and Reality: Problems of Genetic Psychology (Translated by Arnold Rosin). New York: Grossman Publishers.Piff, P. K., Dietze, P., Feinberg, M., Stancato, D. M., & Keltner, D. (2015). Awe, the Small Self and Prosocial Behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108, 883-899. <br>https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000018Prade, C., & Saroglou, V. (2016). Awe’s Effects on Generosity and Helping. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11, 522-530. <br>https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1127992Quesnel, D., & Riecke, B. E. (2017). Awestruck: Natural Interaction with Virtual Reality on Eliciting Awe. In IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (pp. 205-206). Piscataway, NJ: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1109/3DUI.2017.7893343Rudd, M., Vohs, K. D., & Aaker, J. (2012). Awe Expands People’s Perception of Time, Alters Decision Making, and Enhances Well-Being. Psychological Science, 23, 1130-1136. <br>https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612438731Schneider, K. (2009). Awakening to Awe: Personal Stories of Profound Transformation. Lanham, MD: Aronson.Schneider, K. (2017). The Resurgence of Awe in Psychology: Promise, Hope, and Perils. The Humanistic Psychologist, 45, 103-108. <br>https://doi.org/10.1037/hum0000060Schurtz, D. R., Blincoe, S., Smith, R. H., Powell, C. A. J., Combs, D. J. Y., & Kim, S. H. (2012). Exploring the Social Aspects of Goose Bumps and Their Role in Awe and Envy. Motivation & Emotion, 36, 205-217.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-011-9243-8Shiota, M. N., Keltner, D., & John, O. P. (2006). Positive Emotion Dispositions Differentially Associated with Big Five Personality and Attachment Style. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1, 61-71.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760500510833Silvia, P. J., Fayn, K., Nusbaum, E. C., & Beaty, R. E. (2015). Openness to Experience and Awe in Response to Nature and Music: Personality and Profound Aesthetic Experiences. Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts, 9, 376-384.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000028Stellar, J. E., Gordon, A., Anderson, C. L., Piff, P. K., Mcneil, G. D., & Keltner, D. (2018). Awe and Humility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114, 258-269. <br>https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000109Stellar, J. E., John-Henderson, N., Anderson, C. L., Gordon, A. M., Mcneil, G. D., & Keltner, D. (2015). Positive Affect and Markers of Inflammation: Discrete Positive Emotions Predict Lower Levels of Inflammatory Cytokines. Emotion, 15, 129-133. <br>https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000033Sung, B., & Yih, J. (2015). Does Interest Broaden or Narrow Attentional Scope? Cognition & Emotion, 30, 1485-1494.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2015.1071241Valdesolo, P., & Graham, J. (2014). Awe, Uncertainty, and Agency Detection. Psychological Science, 25, 170-178.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613501884Van Cappellen, P., & Saroglou, V. (2012). Awe Activates Religious and Spiritual Feelings and Behavioral Intentions. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 4, 223-236. <br>https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025986Yaden, D. B., Iwry, J., Slack, K. J., Eichstaedt, J. C., Zhao, Y., Vaillant, G. E. et al. (2016). The Overview Effect: Awe and Self-Transcendent Experience in Space Flight. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 3, 1-11.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000086Yang, Y., Yang, Z., Bao, T., Liu, Y., & Holli-Anne, P. (2016). Elicited Awe Decreases Aggression. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 10, e11. <br>https://doi.org/10.1017/prp.2016.8Zhou, C., Wu, M. S., Han, B., & Lin, C. (2014). Connecting Awe with Virtues: Evidence from Beneficiary Sensitivity and Consumption Behaviors. ASBBS Annual Conference, 21, 731-738.