慢性应激损害机体健康,与焦虑症、抑郁症、精神分裂症、心血管疾病和肿瘤等多种精神和躯体疾病密切联系。参与应激反应的脑区主要有,前额叶皮质、海马和杏仁核。这些脑组织不仅调制应激反应,也受应激的影响。慢性应激对机体的影响表现出性别差异。本文将综述在人类和动物模型上慢性应激对情绪功能影响的性别差异,包括相关脑区结构和功能及性激素,对神经元功能的影响,探讨性别差异机制。 Chronic stress damages the body’s health and is closely related to various mental and physical diseases such as anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, cardiovascular disease and cancer. The brain regions involved in the stress response are mainly the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala, which not only modulate the stress response but also influenced by stress. The effects of chronic stress on the body show gender differences. This article will review sex differences in the effects of chronic stress on emotional function in human and animal models, including the structure and function of related brain regions and sex hormones, the effects on neuronal function, and specific mechanism.
慢性应激,抑郁,焦虑,性别差异,神经环路, Chronic Stress Depression Anxiety Sex Difference Neural Circuit性别在慢性应激影响情绪功能中的作用 及其机制
应激反应中男女大脑结构功能的不同,与临床发现结果具有高度的相关性(Milad, Igoe, Lebron-Milad, & Novales, 2009)。影像学研究发现,女性应激后在右腹侧前额叶的合氧血红蛋白含量(oxy-Hb)相比男性明显增加,额极脱氧血红蛋白反应(deoxy-Hb)与焦虑水平显着相关(Marumo, Takizawa, Kawakubo, Onitsuka, & Kasai, 2009)。抑郁症男性患者在前额叶–纹状体回路中存在异常,尾状核灰质密度显着减少;女性的杏仁核和海马灰质密度减少(Hastings, Parsey, Oquendo, Arango, & Mann, 2004; Kong et al., 2013)。病理研究发现,抑郁症女性患者杏仁核的BDNF mRNA及其蛋白水平显着下调,胆碱能神经刺激肽前体蛋白(HCNP-pp)mRNA水平上调(Bassi et al., 2015; Guilloux et al., 2012; Puralewski, Vasilakis, & Seney, 2016)。女性MDD患者的dlPFC中检测到谷氨酸能基因(GRIN1,GRIN2A-D,GRIA2-4,GRIK1-2,GRM1,GRM4,GRM5和GRM7)有更高表达水平,而男性MDD患者的GRM5表达较低(Gray et al., 2015)。基因荟萃研究发现,MDD患者背外侧前额叶皮层,亚前扣带皮层(sgACC) (Tripp et al., 2012),以及杏仁核和基底核中SST (生长抑制激素)基因表达减少且存在性别差异(Guilloux et al., 2012),即女性患者sgACC中的SST减少更为明显(Seney et al., 2013),同时SST表达仅在女性的杏仁核中呈减少趋势(Guilloux et al., 2012; Sibille et al., 2009)。Seney等人发现52个基因在MDD男性和女性之间显示相反方向的表达变化,其中MDD总体转录谱在男性和女性中表现相反;MDD男性杏仁核突触相关基因减少,而MDD女性却表现出转录增加;患有MDD的男性dlPFC和ACC表现出少突胶质细胞和小胶质细胞相关基因的增加,而具有MDD的女性在这些细胞类型的标记物中有所减少(Seney et al., 2018)。虽然抑郁症患者的整体海马体积没有性别差异(Yucel et al., 2009),但对抗抑郁药物反应不敏感的女性海马体积比对治疗有反应的女性要小,这种效应在男性中没有观察到(Vakili et al., 2000)。
何 婷. 性别在慢性应激影响情绪功能中的作用及其机制Effects of Chronic Stress on Emotion and Neural Mechanism: Focus on Sex Difference[J]. 心理学进展, 2019, 09(11): 1803-1815. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2019.911218
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