线性及非线性超声技术是多晶金属材料特性无损表征的主要研究方法。本文介绍了超声技术在多晶金属材料特性无损表征的研究与典型应用,包括对弹性模量、平均晶粒度、应力、力学性能退化等。通过超声表征结果探究金属材料的内部特性,对材料能否安全服役做出无损评价;阐述了与传统检测方法相比,超声表征方法在分析多晶金属材料的内部缺陷与特性方面具有的优势。最后介绍了本团队在超声与多晶微结构之间的相关性以及对多晶材料平均晶粒尺寸超声表征所展开的工作与研究,并提出了该领域需要进一步研究的方向与目标。
Properties of polycrystalline materials are mainly evaluated by the linear and nonlinear ultrasonic methods in a nondestructive way. This paper reviews some typical research and application of ultrasonic characterization on polycrystalline materials, such as the evaluation of elastic modulus, average grain size, stress, and mechanical properties degradation. These parameters obtained by ultrasonic technology were used to evaluate the safety of materials in service. Ultrasonic methods applied to analyze flaws in the materials have obvious advantages compared to the traditional de-tection methods. Meanwhile, the investigation of correlation between ultrasonic parameters and polycrystalline microstructure was presented, especially for the characterization of the average grain size of titanium alloy. At last, we showed potential research on ultrasonic nondestructive characterization of polycrystalline materials in the future.
Schneider W. C. [6] 等对超声波法在固体弹性常数测定中的应用进行了深入研究,结果表明固体材料中超声透射率与入射波角成函数关系,可以确定板中横波和膨胀波的速度,进而可以确定泊松比和力学模量。针对某些方法不能在高温环境下测量的缺陷,Carnevale E. H. [7] 等利用瞬时接触法测量了几种材料的横波和纵波速度,并计算出其弹性模量和泊松比,温度测量范围已从室温达到1000℃以上,图3即为其利用的瞬时接触系统,装置通过将探头放在可移动的滑动轨道或轴承上,可以轻松实现瞬时接触并将探头插入高温系统中。在此基础上,Smith R. T. [8] 等通过对单向应力试样中横波和纵波速度的测量,确定了几种各向同性多晶金属的三阶弹性模量。即在弹性(非塑性)区域内,观察到的超声波速度和外加应力之间的线性相关性可以用有限变形的宏观理论来解释。
图3. 瞬时接触系统 [7]
Aussel J. D. [9] 等提出了一种基于连续回波来测量固体材料的声速和弹性常数的激光超声方法。利用激光超声波在热弹区域中激发的超声脉冲进行测量,这可以在样本处进行无限次射击并可以同时测量纵向剪切速度。为进一步提高弹性模量的检测精度,陈以方 [10] 等研究了棒、板等工件材料的声场,研制出一种弹性模量检测系统,可以利用纵波探头准确测量横波与纵波的速度值,从而得以使用声测法对工件的泊松比和弹性模量实现在线测量,测量精度高达0.2%。针对文献 [6] [7] 中横波信号分辨困难,测量速度时存在较大误差,不易在特殊环境中使用的问题,周辛庚 [11] 等提出通过测量由激光脉冲轰击试件表面产生的表面波与纵波速度,进而求得材料弹性常数。这种方法避免对横波速度直接测量,提高了信噪比,可在特殊环境下对弹性常数进行非接触式测量。国防科学技术大学樊程广 [12] 利用激光超声方法对复合材料的弹性模量进行了测量,图4(a)为弹性模量激光超声测量系统,图4(b)为美国IOS公司生产的用于接收激光超声信号的AIR-1550-TWM 激光超声接收仪。
多晶金属内部残余应力常用的检测方法有:X射线法、声弹性法、超声横波法、超声纵波法、超声双折射测试法、激光超声波法等。其中超声波法不受材料种类的限制并可用于较厚样品的在线检测,具有较好的应用前景。目前,复杂曲面下残余应力的检测仍然面临很大挑战,Qinxue Pan [34] 等在工业机器人技术与残余应力超声无损检测技术相结合的基础上,构建了双机械手残余应力超声检测机器人系统并建立了临界折射纵波法测量残余应力的模型,实现了曲面下残余应力的自动无损测量,这无疑是残余应力超声表征的一大突破,利用人工智能机器人与超声无损检测技术相结合进行超声表征无疑为人们接下来的研究方向提供了思路。
李 鹏,赵 扬,白 雪,马 健. 多晶金属材料超声无损表征方法研究综述A Review of Ultrasonic Methods Used for Nondestructive Characterization of Polycrystalline Materials[J]. 应用物理, 2019, 09(11): 429-441. https://doi.org/10.12677/APP.2019.911053
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