<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE article  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd"><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="research article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Pure  Mathematics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2160-7583</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12677/PM.2020.105063</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PM-35660</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>PM20200500000_33116404.pdf</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>数学与物理</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>
 
 
  一类超混沌的Faraday圆盘发电机的Zero-Zero-Hopf分支
  Zero-Zero-Hopf Bifurcation of a Hyperchaotic Faraday Disk Dynamo
 
</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>余</surname><given-names>环宇</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sub>1</sub></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>华南理工大学数学学院，广东 广州</addr-line></aff><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>05</issue><fpage>518</fpage><lpage>523</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>&#169; Copyright  2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. </copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>
 
 
  
    本文主要研究了一类四维的self-exciting Faraday圆盘发电机，它描述了azimuthal eddy流的作用。首先通过计算Lyapunov指数，发现该系统是一个超混沌的系统。然后研究了系统的zero-zero-Hopf分支。利用平均理论，获得了在zero-zero-Hopf分支点存在两个周期解的充分条件，并进一步讨论了周期解的稳定性。
    The paper investigates the bifurcation of periodic solutions at the zero-zero-Hopf equilibrium of a hyperchaotic Faraday disk dynamo. By means of the averaging theory, the paper obtains the suffi-cient conditions that two periodic solutions will appear at the bifurcation point and discusses the stability of the two orbits. 
  
 
</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Faraday圆盘发电机，超混沌，Zero-Zero-Hopf分支，周期解，平均理论, Faraday Disk Dynamo</kwd><kwd> Hyperchaos</kwd><kwd> Zero-Zero-Hopf Bifurcation</kwd><kwd> Periodic Solution</kwd><kwd>Averaging Theory</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>一类超混沌的Faraday圆盘发电机的Zero-Zero-Hopf分支<sup> </sup></title><p>余环宇</p><p>华南理工大学数学学院，广东 广州</p><p>收稿日期：2020年4月21日；录用日期：2020年5月12日；发布日期：2020年5月20日</p><disp-formula id="hanspub.35660-formula24"><graphic xlink:href="//html.hanspub.org/file/15-1251045x5_hanspub.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula></sec><sec id="s2"><title>摘 要</title><p>本文主要研究了一类四维的self-exciting Faraday圆盘发电机，它描述了azimuthal eddy流的作用。首先通过计算Lyapunov指数，发现该系统是一个超混沌的系统。然后研究了系统的zero-zero-Hopf分支。利用平均理论，获得了在zero-zero-Hopf分支点存在两个周期解的充分条件，并进一步讨论了周期解的稳定性。</p><p>关键词 :Faraday圆盘发电机，超混沌，Zero-Zero-Hopf分支，周期解，平均理论</p><disp-formula id="hanspub.35660-formula25"><graphic xlink:href="//html.hanspub.org/file/15-1251045x7_hanspub.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>Copyright &#169; 2020 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.</p><p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).</p><p>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</p><p><img src="//html.hanspub.org/file/15-1251045x8_hanspub.png" /> <img src="//html.hanspub.org/file/15-1251045x9_hanspub.png" /></p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>1. 引言</title><p>1996年，Hide等提出了一个self-exciting Faraday圆盘单极发电机，它是一个非线性的三维动力系统 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.35660-ref1">1</xref>]。在此基础上，逐渐发展了很多改进的模型 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.35660-ref2">2</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.35660-ref10">10</xref>]，其中Hide和Moroz提出了一类四维的发电机，它描述了方位涡流(azimuthal eddy currents)的作用。其模型如下：</p><disp-formula id="hanspub.35660-formula26"><label>(1.1)</label><graphic position="anchor" xlink:href="//html.hanspub.org/file/15-1251045x10_hanspub.png"  xlink:type="simple"/></disp-formula><p>其中x和y分别表示圆盘和线圈的磁通量，z表示电动机电枢的角转速，w表示圆盘的角转速。</p><p>Moroz在文献 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.35660-ref11">11</xref>] 中已经做了一些数值分析去研究系统(1.1)的zero-zero-Hopf分支，然而并没有严格的证明。本文将给出系统存在zero-zero-Hopf分支的证明，并把相应的周期解求出来。</p><p>一个zero-Hopf或zero-zero-Hopf奇点意味着可能出现混沌。近年来，虽有一些文献研究三维混沌系统的zero-Hopf分支 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.35660-ref12">12</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.35660-ref13">13</xref>] [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.35660-ref14">14</xref>]，但由于高维系统的复杂性，对四维及以上系统的zero-zero-Hopf分支的研究非常少 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.35660-ref15">15</xref>]。Cid-Montiel等在文献 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.35660-ref15">15</xref>] 中研究了一个四维超混沌的Lorenz系统的zero-Hopf分支。Chen 等在文献 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.35660-ref16">16</xref>] 中研究了一个广义Lorenz-Stenflo超混沌系统zero-zero-Hopf分支。</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>2. 超混沌和zero-zero-Hopf分支</title><p>系统(1.1) 总有一个奇点 E 0 = ( 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ) 。当 k ( b d − c − d ) r d &gt; 0 时，还有如下的两个奇点：</p><p>E &#177; = ( &#177; x 1 , &#177; x 1 , &#177; x 1 d , r x 1 2 k ) ,</p><p>其中 x 1 = k ( b d − c − d ) r d 。</p><p>对初始值 ( 0 , 0 , 0.2511 , 0 ) 和参数 ( a , b , c , d , k , r , μ ) = ( 16 , 60 , 15 , 0.1 , 1 , 6 , 0.5 ) ，我们计算出来Lyapunov指数是0.2927，0.1826，0，−19.0777。因此系统是超混沌的，图1显示了一个超混沌吸引因子。</p><p>图1是系统(1.1)的超混沌吸引因子，其中初始值 ( 0 , 0 , 0.2511 , 0 ) ，参数 ( a , b , c , d , k , r , μ ) = ( 16 , 60 , 15 , 0.1 , 1 , 6 , 0.5 ) 。</p><p>图1. 系统(1.1)的超混沌吸引因子</p><p>下面我们应用平均理论去研究系统(1.1)的zero-zero-Hopf分支。当 μ ≠ − a ，一些表达式过于庞大。为了表达的方便，我们令 μ = − a 。</p><p>理论1 对 c = 1 − b , d = − 1 , k = 0 , b &lt; 0 ，原点 E 0 是系统(1.1)的一个zero-zero-Hopf奇点。在 E 0 的特征值是0，0， &#177; ω i ，其中 ω = − b 。</p><p>证明. 在 E 0 的特征方程是</p><p>λ 4 + ( k + 1 + d ) λ 3 + ( k + a + c + d + k d − a b − a c ) λ 2 + ( a c + a d + a k + c k + k d − a b d − a b k − a c k ) λ − k a ( k d − c − d ) = 0 (2.1)</p><p>当 c = 1 − b , d = − 1 , k = 0 , b &lt; 0 时，(2.1)有根0，0， &#177; ω i ，其中 ω = − b 。</p><p>利用平均理论，我们能证明下面的定理。</p><p>理论2 令</p><p>( c , d , k ) = ( 1 − b + ε c 1 , − 1 + ε d 1 , ε k 1 ) ,   ρ = c 1 + d 1 − b d 1 , N = ρ 2 + 2 d 1 ( a + b − a b ) ρ + d 1 2 ( b − 1 ) ( b ( a − 1 ) 2 − a 2 ) ,</p><p>这里 c 1 d 1 k 1 ≠ 0 。</p><p>假设 a N ≠ 0 , k 1 ρ r &gt; 0 , b &lt; 0 ，那么系统(1.1)有一个zero-zero-Hopf分支。当 ε &gt; 0 且 ε 足够小时，在 E 0 产生两个周期解。如果 d 1 &gt; 0 , k 1 &gt; 0 , a ρ &lt; 0 , N &gt; 0 ，那么这两个周期解是稳定的。</p><p>证明. 作变换</p><p>c = 1 − b + ε c 1 ,   d = − 1 + ε d 1 ,   k = ε k 1 ,</p><p>系统(1.1)变成</p><p>{ x ˙ = a ( y − x ) , y ˙ = ( b − a ) x − ( 1 − a ) y + ( b − 1 ) z − x w − c 1 z ε , z ˙ = a x + ( 1 − a ) y + z − d 1 z ε , w ˙ = r a x 2 + r ( 1 − a ) x y − k 1 w ε . (2.2)</p><p>令 ( x , y , z , w ) T = ( ε u , ε v , ε p , ε q ) T 。我们把 ( u , v , p , q ) T 又表示为 X = ( x , y , z , w ) T ，那么系统(2.2)变为</p><p>X ˙ = F 0 ( t , X ) + ε F 1 ( t , X ) = ( a ( y − x ) ( b − a ) x + ( a − 1 ) y + ( b − 1 ) z a x + ( 1 − a ) y + z 0 ) − ε ( 0 c 1 z + x w d 1 z k 1 w − r a x 2 + r ( a − 1 ) x y ) . (2.3)</p><p>下面利用平均理论来研究系统(2.2)的动力学行为。首先我们考虑下面这个未扰动系统的初值问题</p><p>X ˙ = F 0 ( t , X ) ,     X 0 = ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 , w 0 ) . (2.4)</p><p>系统(2.4)的解是 X ( t , X 0 ) = ( x ( t ) , y ( t ) , z ( t ) , w ( t ) ) ，其中</p><p>m = b ( 1 − a ) x 0 + a y 0 + a ( 1 − b ) z 0 b , x ( t ) = ( a b x 0 − a y 0 + a ( b − 1 ) z 0 ) cos ( ω t ) b + + ω a ( x 0 − y 0 ) sin ( ω t ) b + m ,</p><p>y ( t ) = ( b ( a − 1 ) x 0 + ( b − a ) y 0 + ( b − 1 ) a z 0 ) cos ( ω t ) b + ( ( b − a ) x 0 + ( a − 1 ) y 0 + ( b − 1 ) z 0 ) sin ( ω t ) ω + m , z ( t ) = ( b ( 1 − a ) x 0 + a y 0 + ( a + b − a b ) z 0 ) cos ( ω t ) b + ( a x 0 + ( 1 − a ) y 0 + z 0 ) sin ( ω t ) ω − m , w ( t ) = w 0 .</p><p>当 X 0 ≠ 0 时，系统(2.4)的所有解 X ( t , X 0 ) 是周期的，其中周期为 T = 2 π ω 。沿着一个周期解 X ( t , X 0 ) ，</p><p>其线性化系统 Y ˙ = D X F 0 ( t , X ( t , X 0 ) ) Y 的基解矩阵 M X 0 ( t ) 是</p><p>M X 0 ( t ) = 1 b ( a 11 a 12 a 13 0 a 21 a 22 a 23 0 a 31 a 32 a 33 0 0 0 0 b ) ,</p><p>其中</p><p>a 11 = a b cos ( ω t ) + ω a sin ( ω t ) + b ( 1 − a ) , a 12 = − a cos ( ω t ) − ω a sin ( ω t ) + a , a 13 = a ( b − 1 ) ( cos ( ω t ) − 1 ) , a 21 = ( a − 1 ) b cos ( ω t ) + ω ( a − b ) sin ( ω t ) + b ( 1 − a ) , a 22 = ( b − a ) cos ( ω t ) + ω ( 1 − a ) sin ( ω t ) + a ,</p><p>a 23 = ( b − 1 ) ( a cos ( ω t ) − ω sin ( ω t ) − a ) , a 31 = b ( 1 − a ) cos ( ω t ) − ω a sin ( ω t ) − b ( 1 − a ) , a 32 = a cos ( ω t ) − ω ( 1 − a ) sin ( ω t ) − a , a 33 = ( b + a − a b ) cos ( ω t ) − ω sin ( ω t ) + a ( b − 1 ) .</p><p>计算积分</p><p>G ( X 0 ) = 1 T ∫ 0 T M X 0 − 1 ( t ) F 1 ( t , X ( t , x 0 ) ) d t = 1 2 b 2 ( G 1 ( X 0 ) , G 2 ( X 0 ) , G 3 ( X 0 ) , G 4 ( X 0 ) ) ,</p><p>其中</p><p>G 1 ( X 0 ) = 2 a b ( 2 a − 1 ) x 0 w 0 − a 2 ( b + 3 ) y 0 w 0 − 3 a 2 ( 1 − b ) z 0 w 0 − ( ( 4 a − 3 ) ρ + a d 1 ( b − 1 ) ) a b x 0         + ( 3 a ρ + b c 1 ( a − 1 ) ) a y 0 − a ( ( 3 a b − 3 a − b ) ρ + c 1 b ) z 0 , G 2 ( X 0 ) = a b ( 4 a − b − 3 ) x 0 w 0 − a ( a b + 3 a − 2 b ) y 0 w 0 + a ( b − 1 ) ( 3 a − b ) z 0 w 0         − b ( a ( 3 a − 4 ) ρ + c 1 ( a 2 − a b + b ) ) x 0 + ( ( 3 a 2 − a b + b ) ρ + a b c 1 ( a − 2 ) ) y 0         + ( b − 1 ) ( ( a b − 3 a 2 − b ) ρ + b d 1 ( a b − 2 a − b ) ) z 0 ,</p><p>G 3 ( X 0 ) = a b ( 3 − 4 a ) x 0 w 0 + a ( a b + 3 a − b ) y 0 w 0 − 3 a 2 ( b − 1 ) z 0 w 0         + ( 4 a b ρ ( a − 1 ) + b d 1 ( a 2 b − a 2 − b ) ) x 0 − ( ( a − 1 ) 2 b c 1 + 3 a 2 ρ + b d 1 ) y 0         − ( ( b − 3 a 2 b + 3 a 2 ) ρ − 2 b d 1 ( a b − a − b ) ) z 0 , G 4 ( X 0 ) = b r ( 3 a 2 b − a 2 − 4 a b + 2 b ) x 0 2 − a 2 r ( b − 3 ) y 0 2 + 3 a 2 r ( b − 1 ) 2 z 0 2 − 4 a b r ( a − 1 ) x 0 y 0         + 2 a b r ( b − 1 ) ( 3 a − 2 ) x 0 z 0 − 6 a 2 r ( b − 1 ) y 0 z 0 − 2 k 1 b 2 w 0</p><p>解方程 G ( X 0 ) = 0 ，我们得到下面的解</p><p>S 0 = ( 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ) , S 1 = ( k 1 ρ r , k 1 ρ r , − k 1 ρ r , ρ ) , S 2 = ( − k 1 ρ r , − k 1 ρ r , k 1 ρ r , ρ ) .</p><p>S 0 对应奇点 E 0 = ( 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ) 。对其他两个解 S 1 和 S 2 ，我们有</p><p>G ( S 1 ) = G ( S 2 ) = 0 ,</p><p>det ( ( ∂ G / ∂ X 0 ) ( S 1 ) ) = det ( ( ∂ G / ∂ X 0 ) ( S 2 ) ) = − a k 1 ρ N 2 b 2 .</p><p>因此根据平均理论，系统(2.3)存在的两个周期为T的解 X 1 ( t , ε ) 和 X 2 ( t , ε ) ，当<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="//html.hanspub.org/file/15-1251045x71_hanspub.png" xlink:type="simple"/></inline-formula>时，有 X 1 ( t , ε ) → S 1 和 X 2 ( t , ε ) → S 2 。考虑到系统(2.2)和(2.3)的关系，系统(2.3)的两个周期解分别对应系统(2.2)的两个周期解 ε X 1 ( t , ε ) 和 ε X 2 ( t , ε ) 。</p><p>最后，我们计算Jacobian矩阵 ( ∂ G / ∂ X 0 ) ( S 1 ) 和 ( ∂ G / ∂ X 0 ) ( S 2 ) 的特征值来判断两个周期解的稳定性。对这两个矩阵而言，特征多项式是相同的，如下</p><p>( b λ 2 + k 1 b λ + 2 a k 1 ρ ) ( 4 b λ 2 + 4 b d 1 λ − N ) = 0. (2.5)</p><p>当 d 1 &gt; 0 , k 1 &gt; 0 , a ρ &lt; 0 , N &gt; 0 时，方程(2.5)的根都有负实部，这意味着在 E 0 产生的两个周期解 X 1 ( t , ε ) 和 X 2 ( t , ε ) 是稳定的。</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>3. 结束语</title><p>通过选取适当的参数，我们计算发现系统有两个正的Lyapunov指数，是一个超混沌的系统。不同于前人的数值工作，本文对系统存在zero-zero-Hopf分支给出了严格的证明，并给出了周期解的表达式，以及周期解稳定的条件。</p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>文章引用</title><p>余环宇. 一类超混沌的Faraday圆盘发电机的Zero-Zero-Hopf分支Zero-Zero-Hopf Bifurcation of a Hyperchaotic Faraday Disk Dynamo[J]. 理论数学, 2020, 10(05): 518-523. https://doi.org/10.12677/PM.2020.105063</p></sec><sec id="s7"><title>参考文献</title></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="hanspub.35660-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Hide, R., Skeldon, A.C. and Acheson, D.J. (1996) A Study of Two Novel Self-Exciting Single-Disk Homopolar Dy-namos: Theory. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 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