话语标记与元话语都是话语分析的重要话题,二者有许多重叠之处,难以分辨。本文将这二者进行比照和辨析,对其异同进行归纳。本文对话语标记和元话语的定义进行梳理,概括出二者均具有话语性、多范畴性和多功能性,并从理论基础、研究目标等方面,详细阐述二者的区别和联系。<br/>Discourse markers and metadiscourse are important topics in discourse analysis, which have many overlaps and are difficult to distinguish. This paper compares the two and summarizes their similarities and differences. This paper combs the definitions of discourse marker and meta-discourse, and generalizes that they are both discoursive, multi-categorical and multi-functional. In addition, the paper expounds in detail the differences between them from the aspects of theoretical basis, research objectives.
话语标记,元话语,话语性,多范畴性,研究目标, Discourse Marker Metadiscourse Discursiveness Multi-Categoricality Research Objectives话语标记与元话语之辨
在这些令人眼花缭乱的话语标记概念标签背后,是更为复杂的话语标记的工作定义。通常,一个概念标签往往会有与之相应的工作定义相伴。在话语标记的诸多定义中,有些定义比较具体,一般是采用传统语法项目范畴,定义者最大程度地把定义的要件与潜在的定义使用者头脑中的已知语法知识及术语相适配,例如Fraser (1999:931 [15])认定话语标记是“一类主要由连词、副词和介词短语充任的用以表达先前篇章和随后篇章之间关系的词汇表达”。有些话语标记的定义则比较抽象和宽泛,例如,Hasselgren (2002: 143 [16])提出,话语标记语是“一套实现更顺利交流的信号系统”(a system of signals bringing about smoother communication);许家金(2009:83 [17])主张“所谓话语标记,主要指出现在现场即席话语中,用以标记话语连贯、传递话语互动信息的语言及非语言手段(如身势语等行为手段)”。
有趣的是,话语标记和元话语这二者所关涉的语言资源,在历史上都曾遭受过负面评价。话语标记的使用,曾一度被认为是非流利的表现(Gilquin & Sylvie, 2011 [46])。说者在讲话过程中,如果发出标记性的停顿和迟疑,如“嗯”、“啊”、“怎么说呢”等,就会被认为是言说能力不足,语言风格方面有污点。而某些元话语资源(如in my opinion),在Williams (1981 [47])经典写作教程Style: Ten Lessons in Clarity and Grace中,也被视为毫无价值的冗赘。现如今,话语标记和元话语研究都在蓬勃发展,这充分体现了学界对自然口语表达特点的理性尊重,也彰显了语言学重在客观描写而非主观规定的学科本质。
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