为摸清小麦秸秆还田下常规施肥夏玉米氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的利用率现状和优化施肥提高氮肥、磷肥和钾肥利用率的效果,在滨州市惠民县进行夏玉米氮磷钾肥料利用率试验。通过试验,得出优化施肥处理比常规施肥处理平均肥料利用率提高6.84个百分点,效果显著。同时优化施肥较常规施肥产量提高43.7 Kg/亩,提高了7.26%,说明优化施肥在提高肥料利用率的同时,也提高了产量。 In order to find out the current utilization rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers of summer maize under conventional fertilization and optimize the effect of fertilization to improve the utilization rate of nitrogen, phosphate and potash fertilizers, a test of summer maize nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer utilization rate was conducted in Huimin County, Binzhou City. Through experiments, it is concluded that the average fertilizer utilization rate of the optimized fertilization treatment is increased by 6.84 percentage points compared with the conventional fertilization treatment, and the effect is remarkable. At the same time, the optimized fertilization yield is increased by 43.7 Kg/mu, which is 7.26% higher than that of the conventional fertilization. At the same time, it also increased the production.
为摸清小麦秸秆还田下常规施肥夏玉米氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的利用率现状和优化施肥提高氮肥、磷肥和钾肥利用率的效果,在滨州市惠民县进行夏玉米氮磷钾肥料利用率试验。通过试验,得出优化施肥处理比常规施肥处理平均肥料利用率提高6.84个百分点,效果显著。同时优化施肥较常规施肥产量提高43.7 Kg/亩,提高了7.26%,说明优化施肥在提高肥料利用率的同时,也提高了产量。
夏玉米,土壤肥料利用率,试验,常规施肥,优化施肥
Dehui Ma1, Xunjun Wang2,3,4*
1Plantation Management Unit, Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Huimin County, Huimin Shandong
2Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Scientific Experimental Station of Preservation of Cultivated Land in Shandong, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan Shandong
3Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan Shandong
4Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Control and Prevention, Jinan Shandong
Received: Aug. 19th, 2020; accepted: Sep. 3rd, 2020; published: Sep. 10th, 2020
In order to find out the current utilization rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers of summer maize under conventional fertilization and optimize the effect of fertilization to improve the utilization rate of nitrogen, phosphate and potash fertilizers, a test of summer maize nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer utilization rate was conducted in Huimin County, Binzhou City. Through experiments, it is concluded that the average fertilizer utilization rate of the optimized fertilization treatment is increased by 6.84 percentage points compared with the conventional fertilization treatment, and the effect is remarkable. At the same time, the optimized fertilization yield is increased by 43.7 Kg/mu, which is 7.26% higher than that of the conventional fertilization. At the same time, it also increased the production.
Keywords:Summer Maize, Fertilizer Use Efficiency, Experiment, Conventional Fertilization, Optimized Fertilization
Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.
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施肥是提高玉米产量的重要手段,在保证粮食安全中发挥了重大的作用。随着社会发展,我国化肥投入量与20世纪80年代相比已经有了明显的增加 [
2019年6月~2019年10月,试验地位于滨州市惠民县淄角镇孙丛庄村,地理坐标为东经117.482841'北纬37.339531,多年平均降水量为792 m,年平均气温18.4℃,无霜期275天左右,土壤肥力中等,适耕性好。土壤为壤土,基本情况见表1。
pH | 有机质(g/kg) | 碱解氮(mg/kg) | 速效磷(mg/kg) | 速效钾(mg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|
8.05 | 14.5 | 84.60 | 16.80 | 94.40 |
表1. 试验地土壤基本情况
供试玉米品种:登海605,国家农作物品种审定委员会审定,审定编号为国审玉2010009,种植密度为3900株/666.7 m2。
供试肥料:氮肥为普通尿素,含氮46%;磷肥为重过磷酸钙,P2O5含量为46%;钾肥为氯化钾,K2O含量为60%。
本试验共设8个处理:T1:常规施肥、T2:常规施肥无氮肥、T3:常规施肥无磷肥、T4:常规施肥无钾肥、T5:优化施肥、T6:优化施肥无氮肥、T7:优化施肥无磷肥、T8:优化施肥无钾肥。采用大区处理,不设重复,单灌单排,随机排列,小区面积为66.7 m2,保护行为1 m。为保证试验施肥的均匀性,试验地不施有机肥,前茬小麦收获后秸秆还田。
常规施肥方案:N 17 kg/667 m2,P2O5 5 kg/667 m2,K2O 4 Kg/667 m2;优化施肥方案:N 15 kg/667 m2,P2O5 7 kg/667 m2,K2O 4 kg/667 m2。尿素30%作种肥,70%在大喇叭口期追施,重过磷酸钙做种肥肥一次性施用,硫酸钾60%作种肥,40%在大喇叭口期作追肥。
按照LY-T 1271-1999的方法测定。全氮用凯氏法,全磷用钼锑抗比色法,全钾用火焰光度法。
试验当日(6月10日)天气,西南风2级,气温25℃~36℃,相对湿度54.7%;试验第二次追肥当日(8月20日)天气多云,东北风2级,气温22℃~29℃,相对湿度67.0%。试验期间天气良好,无灾害性天气,基本能反映肥料的效果。
施肥前取土样调查土壤肥力状况;播种后7天调查出苗情况,及时补苗;玉米三叶一心时定苗;收获期各小区籽粒和秸秆分别计产,取玉米籽粒和秸秆样品分析全氮、全磷和全钾。
每小区对角线5点取样,每点收获5株,晾晒后脱粒,混合均匀取样1000克,测定玉米籽粒氮磷钾含量。
由表2看出,不同的处理对玉米产量有不同的影响,常规施肥处理中,在氮磷钾都施的情况下,产量最高,达到601.6 Kg/667 m2,不施氮肥、不施磷肥和不施钾肥产量都降低,与氮磷钾都施相比,产量分别降低10.45%、11.32%和9.53%;优化施肥处理中,在氮磷钾都施的情况下产量最高,达到645.3 Kg/667 m2,不施氮肥、不施磷肥和不施钾肥产量都降低,与氮磷钾都施相比,产量分别降低11.46%、12.48%和8.44%;优化施肥处理较常规施肥处理产量增加43.7 Kg/667 m2,提高了7.26%。
处理 | 小区产量(Kg/66.7 m2) | 折合亩产(Kg/667 m2) |
---|---|---|
T1 | 60.16 | 601.6 |
T2 | 53.87 | 538.7 |
T3 | 53.35 | 533.5 |
T4 | 54.43 | 544.3 |
T5 | 64.53 | 645.3 |
T6 | 57.14 | 571.4 |
T7 | 56.48 | 564.8 |
T8 | 59.08 | 590.8 |
表2. 玉米氮磷钾肥料利用率试验产量结果
处理 | 茎叶产量 (Kg/亩) | 籽粒产量 (Kg/亩) | 籽粒养分含量% | 茎干养分含量% | 吸收氮、磷、钾总量 (Kg/亩) | 氮磷钾利用率% | 氮磷钾平均利用率% | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
全氮 | 全磷 | 全钾 | 全氮 | 全磷 | 全钾 | 氮 | 磷 | 钾 | |||||
T1 | 772.4 | 601.6 | 1.65 | 0.44 | 0.35 | 1.10 | 0.128 | 1.35 | 18.42 | 3.64 | 12.53 | / | 32.19 |
T2 | 676.7 | 538.7 | 1.46 | 0.46 | 0.33 | 0.92 | 0.134 | 1.37 | 14.09 | 3.38 | 11.05 | 25.48 | |
T3 | 642.9 | 533.5 | 1.64 | 0.44 | 0.33 | 1.12 | 0.126 | 1.32 | 15.95 | 3.16 | 10.25 | 21.9 | |
T4 | 743.6 | 544.3 | 1.59 | 0.44 | 0.28 | 1.08 | 0.129 | 1.26 | 16.68 | 3.35 | 10.89 | 49.19 | |
T5 | 829.3 | 645.3 | 1.66 | 0.45 | 0.35 | 1.10 | 0.131 | 1.37 | 19.83 | 3.99 | 13.62 | / | 39.03 |
T6 | 677.7 | 571.4 | 1.52 | 0.42 | 0.34 | 0.97 | 0.134 | 1.33 | 15.26 | 3.31 | 10.96 | 30.50 | |
T7 | 668.8 | 564.8 | 1.63 | 0.43 | 0.35 | 1.06 | 0.125 | 1.34 | 16.30 | 3.26 | 10.94 | 23.74 | |
T8 | 743.5 | 590.8 | 1.62 | 0.44 | 0.34 | 1.08 | 0.128 | 1.28 | 17.60 | 3.55 | 11.53 | 62.83 |
表3. 玉米氮磷钾肥料利用率试验结果
由表3看出,常规施肥条件下,氮磷钾的平均肥料利用率为32.19%,优化施肥条件下,氮磷钾的平均肥料利用率为39.03%。优化施肥处理比常规施肥处理平均肥料利用率提高了6.84个百分点,效果显著。同时优化施肥较常规施肥产量提高43.7 Kg/亩,提高了7.26%,说明优化施肥在提高肥料利用率的同时,也提高了产量,建议在实际应用中推广。
国家重点研发计划(2017YFD0300408);NSFC-山东联合基金项目(U1806215);山东省自然科学基金三院联合基金项目(ZR201702150249)。
马德辉,王学君. 优化施肥对小麦秸秆还田下玉米产量和肥料利用率的影响Effects of Optimized Fertilization on Maize Yield and Fertilizer Utilization under Wheat Straw Returning[J]. 土壤科学, 2020, 08(04): 159-163. https://doi.org/10.12677/HJSS.2020.84023