近年来,水母爆发在沿海地区频频发生,水母蜇伤逐渐成为海滨旅游、水上运动和海军训练行动的常见疾病,尤其是沿海地区海军官兵训练中水母蜇伤的发生率较高。水母分布具有地域性特点,水母毒素是一类结构复杂和特殊的蛋白质和多肽类混合物。水母蜇伤的临床症状较为复杂,作用机制研究较少,目前还没有针对水母蜇伤和应急的特效药物。本文拟对水母的分布和毒素特点、水母蜇伤的中毒机理以及防治措施的发展和水母蜇伤防护方向等进行综述。
In recent years, jellyfish outbreaks have occurred frequently in coastal areas. Jellyfish stings have become the most common marine life stings in coastal tourism, water sports and naval training operations, especially in coastal areas where naval officers and soldiers have a higher incidence of jellyfish stings. The distribution of jellyfish has regional characteristics. Jellyfish toxin is a complex and special mixture of proteins and peptides. The clinical symptoms of jellyfish stings are more complex, and the mechanism of action is less studied. At present, there are no special drugs for jellyfish stings and emergency. This article is to review the distribution of jellyfish, the characteristics of toxins, the poisoning mechanism of jellyfish stings, and the development of prevention measures.
In recent years, jellyfish outbreaks have occurred frequently in coastal areas. Jellyfish stings have become the most common marine life stings in coastal tourism, water sports and naval training operations, especially in coastal areas where naval officers and soldiers have a higher incidence of jellyfish stings. The distribution of jellyfish has regional characteristics. Jellyfish toxin is a complex and special mixture of proteins and peptides. The clinical symptoms of jellyfish stings are more complex, and the mechanism of action is less studied. At present, there are no special drugs for jellyfish stings and emergency. This article is to review the distribution of jellyfish, the characteristics of toxins, the poisoning mechanism of jellyfish stings, and the development of prevention measures.
Wang B等人研究发现 [15],具有严重的多器官功能障碍或全身性损害的迟发性水母毒化综合征(DJES),通常在水母蜇伤后2 h出现。为了建立DJES模型并获得有关其过程的更多详细信息,他们进行了包括临床化学,病理学和免疫组织化学在内的综合方法,以同时监测Canenea capillata触手提取物对生命的影响(见图2)。进一步研究结果表明,水母毒液可能在血管平滑肌细胞膜上形成通道复合物,引起细胞外Ca2+流入血浆,最终导致系统性血管收缩。这种异常的系统性永久的血管收缩可能会导致重要器官的缺血和缺氧以及继发性代偿性反应,对心脏,肺,肝和肾这些器官产生多种毒性作用,在多器官损伤的过程中起着非常重要的作用。通过多种器官功能障碍的DJES模型研究,DJES的可能机制可能归因于水母毒液的细胞毒性、血管收缩作用和其他特定靶器官毒性的协同作用。
Kang C等人 [26] 首先已经通过酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)从免疫的兔血清中确认了野村水母(NnV)多克隆抗体(pAb)的存在,产生了抗NnV的多克隆抗体。针对NnV产生的兔抗血清能够中和这种毒液的细胞毒性,溶血活性和对小鼠致死性的能力。此外他们使用了蛋白质组学,通过二维电泳和免疫印迹结合MALDI-TOF分析建立了NnV的初步蛋白质谱。在最终的免疫步骤之后,可以获得多克隆抗体(pAb)对NnV的特异性反应性(见图5)。当将多克隆抗体与NnV预孵育时,它在以浓度依赖的方式中和NnV毒性方面显示出很高的效力。与免疫前的血清相比,在免疫的前6周中抗体滴度急剧增加,此后达到平稳。该研究表明,使用特异性抗体可以对越前水母的的毒化进程进行干预,是一种潜在的治疗手段。
郭昀博,张 翮,鲁 莹. 近年来水母蜇伤的机理和防治措施的研究进展Research Progress on the Mechanism and Prevention Measures of Jellyfish Sting in Recent Years[J]. 临床医学进展, 2020, 10(09): 2198-2208. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2020.109333
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