社会困境一针见血的折射出了个体利益与他人或集体利益的冲突本质,并同时涵盖了现代社会所面临的诸多亟待解决的合作问题,如环境污染、资源短缺、气候变暖等,因此,在近30年成为了众多学科关注的焦点,激发了大量的研究者对其进行探讨。本文主要回顾既往社会困境中合作行为的脑成像研究,介绍合作行为涉及到的奖赏加工、认知控制和社会认知三个大脑系统,并结合相关研究剖析三个系统在合作行为决策过程中各自发挥的作用,在此基础上,总结社会困境中合作利他行为的神经机制。 The study of social dilemmas reflects the nature of conflict between individual and others’ or group interests, and covers many cooperation problems such as environmental pollution, resource shortage and global warming in today’s world. So it became a main concern of many disciplines for nearly 30 years, and also attracted a lot of psychologist to explore it. The present reviews will introduce three brain structures involving in cooperation in social dilemmas: the reward system, the cognitive control system, and the social cognition system. Through overviewing relative brain imaging studies and analyzing the roles of the three systems in the decision-making process of cooperative behavior, the neural mechanism of cooperative altruism in social dilemmas is summarized.
社会困境,合作,神经机制, Social Dilemmas Cooperation Neural Mechanism摘要
The study of social dilemmas reflects the nature of conflict between individual and others’ or group interests, and covers many cooperation problems such as environmental pollution, resource shortage and global warming in today’s world. So it became a main concern of many disciplines for nearly 30 years, and also attracted a lot of psychologist to explore it. The present reviews will introduce three brain structures involving in cooperation in social dilemmas: the reward system, the cognitive control system, and the social cognition system. Through overviewing relative brain imaging studies and analyzing the roles of the three systems in the decision-making process of cooperative behavior, the neural mechanism of cooperative altruism in social dilemmas is summarized.
作为群居型的生物,人类个体总是生活在各种各样的群体之中,无论群体的形式是班级、社区还是国家,有些时候人们总会遭际到个人利益与集体利益的冲突,社会困境即是对这种冲突的抽象与写照(Dawes, 1980; Dawes & Messick, 2000)。传统观点从经济学中关于理性自利人的假设出发,认为当面临个人与集体利益冲突的时候,人们必然会毫不犹豫的选择维护个人利益而做出自私非合作的行为。但是,自早期Dawes等人(1980)的研究开始,学者们却近乎一致的发现社会困境中的人们往往能够做出维护集体利益的合作行为(Amir et al., 2012; Fehr & Fischbacher, 2003; Fehr et al., 2002; List, 2011; Mason & Suri, 2012; Paolacci et al., 2010)。
在社会困境中人们为什么愿意以自己的利益为代价而造福于他人和群体,近几十年以来一直是自然科学与社会科学领域内多个学科研究的热点。而近些年来,随着功能性核磁共振成像技术在心理学领域的应用日臻广泛和成熟,研究者又试图从脑机制层面揭示社会困境中这种利他合作行为的动力源泉,并逐步揭示出了个体在完成社会困境任务中可能涉及到的三个大脑系统,分别是奖赏加工系统(主要包括纹状体和腹内侧前额叶)、社会认知系统(主要包括颞顶联合区、背内侧前额叶等脑区)以及认知控制系统(主要包括背外侧前额叶等脑区) (Emonds et al., 2011, 2012; Fukui et al., 2006; Gallagher et al., 2002; Rilling et al., 2007; Rilling et al., 2008; Rilling et al., 2002; Rilling & Sanfey, 2011; Rilling et al., 2004a; Winston et al., 2002)。
社会认知泛指社会互动过程中对他人进行的广泛了解和解读,涉及到一系列的心理加工过程,例如社会知觉、心理理论、面孔再认、特质推理等(Declerck et al., 2013)。基于动物脑损伤、单细胞记录以及神经病学领域的研究,Brothers (2002)最早提出社会认知系统涉及的大脑区域主要包括背内侧前额叶皮层(Doral Medial Prefrontal Cortex)、杏仁核(Amygdala)以及颞上沟和颞上回(Superior Temporal Sulcus and Gyrus)等脑区。近期一项基于200个FMRI实验的元分析研究已经揭示出颞顶联合区(Temporoparietal Junction,含颞上沟和颞上回)以及背内侧前额叶皮层在对他人心理状态、信念以及道德特质方面的推断过程中起着至关重要的作用(Van Overwalle, 2009, 2011; Van Overwalle & Baetens, 2009),而且,由于颞顶联合区靠近镜像系统(Mirror System),与背内侧前额叶皮层相比,其更多的参与到在知觉水平层面对他人心理状态的推断,而背内侧前额叶皮层能够整合具有抽象认知水平层面的社会性信息(Van Overwalle, 2009)。此外,研究发现,杏仁核则主要与涉及信任判断的加工过程相关,例如,在Winston等人(2002)最早探索与信任判断加工相关的脑机制研究中,当被试看到信任感较低的面孔照片时,其杏仁核表现出了更大激活。
基于社会认知系统相关脑区的功能,并结合社会困境中任务的特点,研究者认为,在社会困境任务中,个体将会对对方心理状态等进行推断,进而判断对方的可信赖水平,从而相应地调整自己的行为,而社会认知系统即是参与到这个意图理解过程当中(Acevedo & Krueger, 2005; Boone, Declerck, & Suetens, 2008; Ma, Vandekerckhove, Van Overwalle, Seurinck, & Fias, 2011; Simpson, 2004)。对于这一观点,Rilling (2004a)等人采用囚徒困境任务并结合fMRI技术进行了初步的探讨,在其研究中,主要对比了两种不同条件下被试在决策阶段相关的大脑激活情况,一种为社会性条件即被试看到的搭档的面孔照片,另一种为非社会性条件即被试看到的是随机轮盘,结果发现社会性条件下搭档的面孔引发了颞顶联合区和背内侧前额叶皮层更大的激活。与Rilling的研究发现相一致,Fukui等人(2006)采用“斗鸡困境”任务的研究以及Gallagher等人(2002)使用“石头–剪刀–布”游戏的研究均揭示出相比于与电脑互动,与人类被试互动均引发了颞顶联合区的更大激活。与此类似,采用信任困境任务的研究发现,相较于信任关系确立阶段,在信任关系建立的初期阶段背内侧前额叶有更大的激活(Krueger et al., 2007)。此外,Singer, Kiebel, Winston, Dolan和Frith (2004)采用顺序进行的囚徒困境任务探究个体对不同道德水平搭档进行社会认知加工时的相关脑机制,也揭示出背内侧前额叶皮层以及颞顶联合区参与了上述社会认知加工过程。再者,采用重复囚徒困境的fMRI研究同样发现,在终局结果反馈阶段,背内侧前额叶、后扣带回以及颞顶联合区均出现了较大的激活(Rilling et al., 2004a)。
综上所述,在社会困境决策中,社会认知系统相关脑区的卷入,其主要作用在于推断社会困境中其它参与各方的可信任程度,进而为是否做出亲社会合作行为提供依据;而且有些学者认为,相较于做出非合作行为的决定,在做出亲社会合作行为决定时,为了避免被背叛或者说被“搭便车”,社会认知系统相关脑区如颞顶联合区、背内侧前额叶等的卷入程度可能会更高(Declerck et al., 2013)。
4. 认知控制系统
认知控制系统是与大脑内侧多巴胺奖赏系统相平行的一个外侧的多巴胺通路,其起源于中脑腹侧背盖区(Ventral Tegmental Area, VTA)并将中脑黑质区与背侧纹状体以及外侧前额叶皮层相联通(Cummings, 1995; Tekin & Cummings, 2002),该通路的相关大脑区域与依据环境变化的目标导向行为的调节关系密切(Depue & Morrone-Strupinsky, 2005; Previc, 1999; Tekin & Cummings, 2002),能够对行为决策过程施加认知控制。
孙 鹏. 社会困境中合作行为的神经机制The Neural Basis of Cooperation in Social Dilemmas[J]. 心理学进展, 2020, 10(12): 1853-1860. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2020.1012216
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