自我效能是指一个人能够成功地执行产生结果所需行为的一种信念,同时父母在教养幼儿的过程中,也存在一种执行亲职能力的信念以及对其能成功参与影响孩子健康和成长的养育行为能力的主观判断,包括效能层面和满意度层面。本文采用文献梳理的方式探究亲职效能感,主要分析亲职效能感的概念、成分、测量工具等相关研究内容,并对当前亲职效能感的相关研究进行简要评论。 Self efficacy refers to a belief that a person can successfully perform the behaviors needed to produce results. Meanwhile, in the process of parenting, parents also have a belief in the ability to perform parental duties and subjective judgment on their ability to successfully participate in the parenting behaviors that affect children’s health and growth, including the level of efficacy and satisfaction. This paper uses literature review to explore parenting efficacy, mainly analyzes the concept, components, measurement tools and other related research content of parenting efficacy, and makes a brief comment on the current related research of parenting efficacy.
Self efficacy refers to a belief that a person can successfully perform the behaviors needed to produce results. Meanwhile, in the process of parenting, parents also have a belief in the ability to perform parental duties and subjective judgment on their ability to successfully participate in the parenting behaviors that affect children’s health and growth, including the level of efficacy and satisfaction. This paper uses literature review to explore parenting efficacy, mainly analyzes the concept, components, measurement tools and other related research content of parenting efficacy, and makes a brief comment on the current related research of parenting efficacy.
首先,父母社会经济地位会影响其亲职效能感,在人口统计学层面对亲职效能感影响的研究中,学者们主要聚焦于父母社会经济地位对亲职效能感的影响。如,Liu et al. (2020)经研究发现,中国父母的社会经济地位越高,其亲职效能感越高,并且愿意更多的参加子女的家庭活动,从而对子女的认知能力有促进作用。同样,Holloway et al. (2016)在对日韩两国父母亲职效能感与社经地位的调查研究中发现,家庭收入较高的韩国母亲也亲职效能感也越高,并且他们会参加更多的亲子活动,其子女的学习能力也较高。相反的,低收入母亲由于其生活压力和经济困难的问题,会加剧其心理困扰,导致积极的养育方式减少。但也有研究得到了不一样的结论,Ceballo和Hurd (2008)发现,拉丁裔母亲的个人收入、受教育程度以及母亲的种族与亲职效能感之间并无显著的联系。由此可见,在研究人口统计学因素与亲职效能感的关系时,务必还需考虑一些中介因素在两者中的存在。然而究竟是国情因素还是社会文化起着中介作用,都为接下来研究者探究社会经济地位与亲职效能感关系的研究提供新的研究思路。
第二种是亲职效能感作为中介变量的研究。如在教育学领域,Meunier et al. (2011)在进行孩子行为对父母影响的研究中,将亲职效能感作为了两者间的中介变量。同时在对特殊孩童的研究中,江琴娣(2014)也将亲职效能感作为父母社会支持与教养方式之间的中介变量,并发现父母的社会支持水平越高,其自我效能感越高,同时自我效能的提高又可以影响父母教养方式的选择,父母效能感在两者关系中起着重要的中介作用。原因是当父母亲得到身边亲人、朋友以及的支持与帮助时,他们就会获得更多科学的育儿方式与技能,因此他们的自我教养效能就会随之提高,进而他们可以基于自己的育儿判断力选择更佳的教养方式,促进儿童的发展。同时,不仅在教育学领域,自我效能感作为中介变量也深受医学专家以及心理学专家的青睐,其研究文献也不胜枚举。
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