为筛选出在黔西南州典型生态条件下,不同施氮量及基追比对主栽品种云烟87烟株生长的最佳组合。2020年在黔西南州安龙县钱相乡采用双因素试验,研究了不同施氮量及基追比对云烟87主要农艺性状、经济性状和干物质积累量的影响。结果表明:综合比较各处理,T8的农艺性状较好,产量、产值、均价、上等烟率均较好,干物质量积累较高,均优于其他处理。合理的基追比有利于烟株生长,在黔西南州烟区最佳组合是施氮量为10.28 kg/667 m2,基追比为6:4。 In order to screen out the best combination of different nitrogen application rate and base top-dressing ratio of Yunyan 87 under typical ecological conditions in tobacco-growing areas of Southwest Guizhou, a two-factor experiment was conducted in Qianxiang township, Anlong county, Southwest Guizhou in 2020 to study the effects of different nitrogen application rates and base top-dressing ratio on the main agronomic, economic and chemical properties of Yunyan 87. The results show that: the T8 had better agronomic characters, better yield, output value, average price, superior tobacco rate and higher dry matter accumulation than other treatments. The reasonable ratio of base to topdressing was beneficial to the growth of tobacco plants, and the best combination was nitrogen application rate of 10.28 kg/667m2 and ratio of base to topdressing of 6:4.
为筛选出在黔西南州典型生态条件下,不同施氮量及基追比对主栽品种云烟87烟株生长的最佳组合。2020年在黔西南州安龙县钱相乡采用双因素试验,研究了不同施氮量及基追比对云烟87主要农艺性状、经济性状和干物质积累量的影响。结果表明:综合比较各处理,T8的农艺性状较好,产量、产值、均价、上等烟率均较好,干物质量积累较高,均优于其他处理。合理的基追比有利于烟株生长,在黔西南州烟区最佳组合是施氮量为10.28 kg/667 m2,基追比为6:4。
施氮量,基追比,农艺性状,经济性状,干物质积累量
Jin Hu1, Yingxiang Bai1, Heng Zhang 2, Di Zhu2, Jinxing Li2, Huanye Gao1*
1College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang Guizhou
2Anlong County Branch of Qianxinan Tobacco Company, Anlong Guizhou
Received: Jan. 19th, 2021; accepted: Feb. 12th, 2021; published: Feb. 20th, 2021
In order to screen out the best combination of different nitrogen application rate and base topdressing ratio of Yunyan 87 under typical ecological conditions in tobacco-growing areas of Southwest Guizhou, a two-factor experiment was conducted in Qianxiang township, Anlong county, Southwest Guizhou in 2020 to study the effects of different nitrogen application rates and base topdressing ratio on the main agronomic, economic and chemical properties of Yunyan 87. The results show that: the T8 had better agronomic characters, better yield, output value, average price, superior tobacco rate and higher dry matter accumulation than other treatments. The reasonable ratio of base to topdressing was beneficial to the growth of tobacco plants, and the best combination was nitrogen application rate of 10.28 kg/667m2 and ratio of base to topdressing of 6:4.
Keywords:Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate, Dressing Ratio, Agronomic Traits, Economic Character, Dry Matter Accumulation
Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
烤烟是我国重要的经济作物之一,提高烟叶的产质量是烟草行业的目标 [
试验时间:2020年4月~2020年10月。
试验地点:黔西南州安龙县钱相乡陈庄村板赖组,平均海拔高度1208 m,冬暖夏凉,雨量充沛,年平均温度15℃~18℃,年降水量1000~1300 mm,年平均日照数1500 h左右,年无霜期270~280 d。该烟田地势平坦,排灌方便,肥力中等且比较均匀,上年度未栽过烤烟或茄科作物,上一个种烟季节未发生青枯病、黑胫病及根结线虫病,距离公路300 m及以上的地块。
供试烤烟品种为当地主栽品种云烟87,株式塔型,打顶后为筒型,腰叶长椭圆形,叶面皱,叶色深绿,叶尖渐尖,叶缘波浪状;茎叶角度中,着生叶均匀;叶耳大,花枝少,比较集中,花色红;叶片上下分布均匀;大田生育期110~115天,种性稳定。
供试肥料为烟草专用复合肥,购自贵州科泰金福肥业有限公司,总养分≥48%,其养分配比为N-P2O5-K2O = 12%-12%-24%。
试验采用双因素随机区组设计,在当地移栽密度(1100株/667m2)下,亩施纯氮量(A因素)设计三个水平:A1 (在当地施氮量基础上减少2 kg)、A2 (当地施氮量)、A3 (在当地施氮量基础上增加2 kg),基肥所占比例(指每亩基肥中所施纯氮量占总每亩总施纯氮量的百分率,下同) (B因素)设计三个水平:B1 (50%)、B2 (60%)、B3 (70%)。
采用条施方式基肥,窝施方式追肥,每个处理三次重复,小区随机排列,小区行距1.1 m,株距0.58 m,每小区4行,每行15株。试验地四周设置保护行,对以上未提及的烤烟生产措施则按当地优质烤烟栽培技术进行操作(表1)。
处理 | 施氮量(kg/667m2) | 基追比 |
---|---|---|
T1 | 常规减氮2 kg (6.25) | 5:5 |
T2 | 常规减氮2 kg (6.25) | 6:4 |
T3 | 常规减氮2 kg (6.25) | 7:3 |
T4 | 常规施氮量(8.25) | 5:5 |
T5 | 常规施氮量(8.25) | 6:4 |
T6 | 常规施氮量(8.25) | 7:3 |
T7 | 常规增氮2 kg (10.25) | 5:5 |
T8 | 常规增氮2 kg (10.25) | 6:4 |
T9 | 常规增氮2 kg (10.25) | 7:3 |
表1. 施氮量及基追比双因素试验方案设计表
本试验依据行业标准 [
分小区采烤,对各处理烟叶进行单独编竿,统一烘烤,烤后烟叶由基地单元主检定级,记录各等级的重量,计算烟叶产量、均价、产值、上等烟率、中等烟率,每亩产量、产值由小区产量、产值折算。
烤后烟叶等级结构参照国家标准:上等烟(B1F、B2F、C2F、C3F)香气质好或较好,香气量充足或尚充足,有或微有杂气,浓度较浓或中等,刺激性无或微有,劲头适中,余味纯净或尚纯净,燃烧性好,其内在质量优良且接近,属于质量上乘者;中等烟(B3F、B4F、X2F、X3F、C4F)香气质尚好,香气量尚充足,浓度和劲头较小,杂气和刺激性较轻,余味纯净,综合质量中等。
分小区采收,每小区随机选取有代表性的烟株3株,各处理分别于团棵期和现蕾期进行取样烘干,测定烟株茎和叶干重。
数据采用Microsoft Excel 2016进行统计处理和制图,利用SPSS 26数据统计软件进行方差分析,邓肯法进行处理间差异的显著性比较。
由表2可知,施氮量及基追比对烤烟的株高、茎高、茎围、绿叶数、单株叶面积间的差异显著。随着施氮量的增加,烟株的株高、茎高、单株叶面积的表现为团棵期至旺长期,低氮处理的田间长势并不低于高氮处理、常规氮处理,现蕾期则是高氮处理均大于其他两个处理。在相同施氮量条件下,主要农艺性状均表现出相同的变化:不同基追比中6:4 > 7:3 > 5:5。
时期 | 处理 | 株高(cm) | 茎高(cm) | 茎围(cm) | 绿叶数(片) | 单株叶面积(cm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
团棵期 | T1 | 29.75abcd | 13.22ab | 5.59ab | 9.47abc | 302.88abc |
T2 | 32.48a | 12.79abc | 5.86a | 9.47abc | 348.65ab | |
T3 | 31.57ab | 13.89a | 5.54abc | 9.27abc | 350.96ab | |
T4 | 26.35cd | 9.97d | 4.89cd | 8.53c | 272.43bc | |
T5 | 25.19d | 10.29cd | 4.89cd | 8.67bc | 252.04c | |
T6 | 32.85a | 14.41a | 5.75a | 9.53ab | 365.14a | |
T7 | 25.82cd | 10.86bcd | 4.83d | 8.93abc | 270.25bc | |
T8 | 30.70abc | 12.37abcd | 5.51abc | 9.67a | 367.23a | |
T9 | 27.29bcd | 9.77d | 4.97bcd | 8.87abc | 281.50bc | |
旺长期 | T1 | 67.71bcd | 45.13ab | 7.71b | 16.00ab | 537.14abc |
T2 | 78.34a | 54.23a | 8.37ab | 17.00a | 644.85a | |
T3 | 73.57abc | 50.53ab | 8.17ab | 17.11a | 515.79bc | |
T4 | 71.5abcd | 47.84ab | 7.93ab | 16.89a | 561.52abc | |
T5 | 65.38cd | 43.02b | 7.86ab | 16.22ab | 537.36abc | |
T6 | 76.82a | 54.97a | 8.47ab | 16.89a | 628.47a | |
T7 | 64.59d | 40.84b | 7.76b | 14.89b | 510.43c | |
T8 | 75.14ab | 45.29ab | 8.53a | 16.67a | 622.86ab | |
T9 | 70.30abcd | 49.13ab | 7.83ab | 16.11ab | 547.61abc | |
现蕾期 | T1 | 105.16ab | 86.15ab | 9.03cd | 17.44ab | 813.53abc |
T2 | 112.87a | 90.94ab | 9.73ab | 17.4ab | 870.88ab | |
T3 | 109.29ab | 84.53ab | 9.89a | 17.11ab | 859.14ab | |
T4 | 103.90b | 88.09ab | 9.33abcd | 19.22a | 709.02c | |
T5 | 104.81ab | 84.50ab | 9.17bcd | 17.44ab | 782.97bc | |
T6 | 104.34ab | 89.02ab | 9.21abcd | 17.33ab | 876.84ab | |
T7 | 102.78b | 83.32b | 8.80d | 18.00ab | 755.85bc | |
T8 | 113.10a | 93.44a | 9.70abc | 18.00ab | 934.25a | |
T9 | 106.86ab | 83.79ab | 9.44abcd | 16.89b | 832.65abc |
表2. 不同处理对烤烟农艺性状的影响
注:表中同一列内的不同小写字母代表差异达5%显著水平,下同。
从表3可知,不同施氮量显著影响烤烟经济性状,其中高氮处理的亩产量、产值、均价、上等烟率整体高于其他两个处理,而中等烟率中则是常规氮处理 > 低氮处理 > 高氮处理。亩产量、亩产值、上等烟率中均是T8最高,分别为146.89 kg/667 m2、163.82元/667 m2。均价中最高达27.09元/kg (T1),其次是T9和T8。在相同施氮量条件下,主要经济性状均是基追比为6:4时表现更佳。
处理 | 亩产量(kg/667 m2) | 均价(元/kg) | 亩产值(元/667 m2) | 上等烟比例(%) | 中等烟比例(%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | 114.33d | 27.089a | 111.14d | 50.66a | 19.44e |
T2 | 134.64b | 24.60ab | 127.27b | 33.84c | 35.08c |
T3 | 115.52d | 22.00b | 108.44d | 25.92d | 54.51a |
T4 | 109.29e | 23.52ab | 126.66b | 39.61b | 53.02a |
T5 | 117.73d | 23.50ab | 115.33c | 31.61c | 44.24b |
T6 | 130.87c | 24.42ab | 109.14d | 27.20d | 35.46c |
T7 | 106.08e | 23.56ab | 102.47e | 24.64d | 52.15a |
T8 | 146.89a | 26.37a | 163.82a | 53.73a | 25.81d |
T9 | 128.76c | 26.80a | 109.38d | 42.03b | 26.47d |
表3. 不同处理对烤烟经济性状的影响
由表4可知,随着烤烟大田生育期的不断延长,茎和叶呈持续增加的变化趋势。在团棵期,茎中T2的干物质总量最大,较总量最小的T5增加了61.53%,其次是T8和T9。叶中T5 > T6 > T8 > T4 > T7 > T2 > T9 > T3 > T1。现蕾期,茎和叶中干物质积累量最大的为T8,其次是T6,较干物质积累量最小的T1分别增加了66.95%,75.07%。
处理 | 团棵期 | 现蕾期 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
茎(g) | 叶(g) | 茎(g) | 叶(g) | |
T1 | 13.25a | 47.05a | 63.33c | 96.87a |
T2 | 14.61a | 54.07a | 77.20abc | 103.26a |
T3 | 13.19a | 48.49a | 88.83abc | 120.28a |
T4 | 10.34a | 38.67a | 68.00bc | 98.72a |
T5 | 8.99a | 43.14a | 94.63ab | 121.75a |
T6 | 11.48a | 38.75a | 97.30ab | 124.89a |
T7 | 9.09a | 44.62a | 75.27abc | 110.97a |
T8 | 14.14a | 47.89a | 99.08a | 129.04a |
T9 | 10.35a | 43.04a | 75.23abc | 111.74a |
表4. 不同处理对烤烟干物质积累的影响
本研究表明,随着施氮量的增加,烤烟的株高、茎高、茎围、叶片数和叶面积均有所提高,各处理间的农艺性状差异在现蕾期的表现更加明显。这与前人的研究结果一致 [
综合所知,在黔西南州烟区,氮肥用量以10.25 kg/667 m2,氮肥施用方式以基追比为6:4为宜,能使烟叶获得适宜的产量和最佳的品质。
贵州省烟草公司黔西南州公司科技项目“黔西南烟区烟叶糖碱影响因子及栽培调控技术研究与应用”(201902)。
胡 锦,白应香,张 恒,朱 迪,李金星,高焕晔. 施氮量及基追比对烟株生长的影响Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate and Base Topdressing Ratio on Growth and Quality of Tobacco[J]. 农业科学, 2021, 11(02): 111-116. https://doi.org/10.12677/HJAS.2021.112016