执行控制包括抑制、转换、更新等心理功能,对口译信息加工和认知精力分配具有重要调节作用。通过梳理口译经验与执行控制双向效应的相关实证研究,本研究发现了口译经验对于译员的执行功能有总体提升作用,而译员的执行控制也对口译水平有显著预测效应。但是前期结论存在一定程度的不一致性,主要原因包括人口背景、二语经验和口译经验等因素造成的组内异质性、实验任务的多样性以及口译经验与实验任务的不匹配性。因此未来研究在加强研究设计的同时应关注影响译员认知优势出现的关键调节变量。鉴于口译经验中大量的语言、加工和社会语境控制需求,持续推进该研究范式不仅会对心理语言学和认知语言学做出积极贡献,而且有助于厘清口译经验与执行控制互动关系的本质。 Executive control (EC) includes the psychological functions of inhibition, shift and updating, among others. EC plays an important role in regulating information processing and cognitive ef-fort allocation in language interpreting. By combing through relevant empirical research on the interactive effects of interpreting experience and executive control, this review found that in-terpreting experience has an overall positive effect on the interpreter’s executive functions, and the interpreter’s executive control also significantly predicts interpreting proficiency or per-formance. However, inconsistency in previous findings also exists, mainly due to the hetero-geneity of the demographic background, second language experience and interpreting expe-rience in the interpreter group, the diversity of experimental tasks and indicators used, and the mismatch between interpreting experience and experimental tasks. Therefore, while strengthening research design, future attempts should pay attention to these key moderating variables that affect the appearance of translators’ cognitive advantages. In view of the intensive language, processing and social contextual control needed in language interpretation, the continued advancement of this research paradigm will not only make positive contributions to psycholinguistics and cognitive linguistics, but also help clarify the true nature of the interaction between interpreting and executive control.
口译经验,执行控制,互动效应,调节因素, Interpreting Experience Executive Control Interactive Effects Moderating Factors摘要
Executive control (EC) includes the psychological functions of inhibition, shift and updating, among others. EC plays an important role in regulating information processing and cognitive effort allocation in language interpreting. By combing through relevant empirical research on the interactive effects of interpreting experience and executive control, this review found that interpreting experience has an overall positive effect on the interpreter’s executive functions, and the interpreter’s executive control also significantly predicts interpreting proficiency or performance. However, inconsistency in previous findings also exists, mainly due to the heterogeneity of the demographic background, second language experience and interpreting experience in the interpreter group, the diversity of experimental tasks and indicators used, and the mismatch between interpreting experience and experimental tasks. Therefore, while strengthening research design, future attempts should pay attention to these key moderating variables that affect the appearance of translators’ cognitive advantages. In view of the intensive language, processing and social contextual control needed in language interpretation, the continued advancement of this research paradigm will not only make positive contributions to psycholinguistics and cognitive linguistics, but also help clarify the true nature of the interaction between interpreting and executive control.
Diamond认为①工作记忆是②抑制能力和③认知灵活性的基础,②抑制能力基于①工作记忆,③认知灵活性则依赖于①工作记忆和②抑制能力( [1], p. 149),三种基础功能支撑着计划、推理和解决问题等高级功能( [1], p. 151)。Miyake等人也认为三大认知功能之间“和而不同”(unity and diversity),相关性的基础源于三者都需要“工作记忆来保持任务目标和其他相关信息处于激活状态”( [8], p. 88-89) [2]。Friedman发现“抑制”是共有的执行功能(a common executive function),与“更新”和“转换”的表现都高度相关 [9]。
虽然上面的“三分法”将工作记忆视作执行控制的组成部分,但是在口译研究领域,颇有影响力的巴德利工作记忆模型却把执行控制纳为工作记忆的子系统 [10] [11] [12]。巴氏模型包括4大子系统:①语音回路(存储和演练语音信息);②视觉–空间画板(存储和演练视觉和空间信息);③中央执行器(执行控制);以及④情景缓冲区(连接长期记忆,可缓存超出① ②容量的信息) [12]。因此,在口译研究中,工作记忆被定义为“负责信息短期储存、维护和加工,以及对整个认知过程进行管控和协调的机制”( [13], p. 443]),即执行控制隶属工作记忆。
胡敏霞. 口译经验与执行控制的互动效应述评Review and Commentary on the Interactive Effects of Interpreting Experience and Executive Control[J]. 现代语言学, 2021, 09(02): 283-292. https://doi.org/10.12677/ML.2021.92039
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