二叠纪–三叠纪之交生物大灭绝事件促使海洋底栖生态系的主导者由腕足类转变为了双壳类等软体动物,了解大灭绝前双壳类的生态分布有助于加深对双壳类的灭绝过程的认识。本研究统计了华南地区已发表文献中的双壳类化石属种名单,对其生活环境、生活方式和摄食方式进行了统计分析,将生活环境划分为浅海相区(包括滨岸和浅海)和深海相区,共统计了54个属,其中浅海相区40属,深海相区24属,浅海相区明显具有较高的生物多样性;共识别出6种生活方式,包括内栖浅掘穴类、内栖深掘穴类、表栖足丝固着类、半内栖类等,浅海相区生活方式种类齐全,而深海相区的生活方式种类较少。从生态功能群的角度来看,深海相区的功能群数量明显低于浅海相区。因此,晚二叠世长兴期双壳类的生物多样性、生态功能多样性与水深有密切的关系,浅海相区较高。 The end-Permian mass extinction event resulted in the dramatic change of the dominant group of marine benthic ecosystem from brachiopods to mollusks (bivalves and gastropods). Understanding the ecological distribution of bivalves prior to the mass extinction would help to deepen the understanding of the extinction pattern of bivalves. This study has collected Late Permian bivalves genera from published literatures on South China, and analyzed their living environments, lifestyles and feeding styles. The living environment has been divided into shallow sea facies (including shore and platform) and deep sea facies. In total, 54 genera are collected, including 40 genera in shallow sea facies, and 24 genera in deep sea facies, which indicates significantly higher biodiversity in shallow sea than deep sea. Six types of lifestyles were identified, including shallow infaunal burrowing, deep infaunal burrowing, epibenthic byssus-attached, and semi-infaunal. The number of lifestyles of bivalves showed a great difference between shallow sea and deep sea, with much lower in deep sea. From the perspective of ecological functional groups, the number of functional groups in deep-sea facies is significantly lower than that in shallow sea facies. Therefore, the biodiversity and ecological functional diversity of bivalves during the Late Permian Changhsingian are closely related to the water depth, and much higher in the shallow sea.
二叠纪–三叠纪之交生物大灭绝事件促使海洋底栖生态系的主导者由腕足类转变为了双壳类等软体动物,了解大灭绝前双壳类的生态分布有助于加深对双壳类的灭绝过程的认识。本研究统计了华南地区已发表文献中的双壳类化石属种名单,对其生活环境、生活方式和摄食方式进行了统计分析,将生活环境划分为浅海相区(包括滨岸和浅海)和深海相区,共统计了54个属,其中浅海相区40属,深海相区24属,浅海相区明显具有较高的生物多样性;共识别出6种生活方式,包括内栖浅掘穴类、内栖深掘穴类、表栖足丝固着类、半内栖类等,浅海相区生活方式种类齐全,而深海相区的生活方式种类较少。从生态功能群的角度来看,深海相区的功能群数量明显低于浅海相区。因此,晚二叠世长兴期双壳类的生物多样性、生态功能多样性与水深有密切的关系,浅海相区较高。
双壳类,晚二叠世,生物多样性,生活方式,生态功能群
Junjie Zhao, Mengjia Zhu, Yang Wang, Wanbing Li, Yu Li, Yunfei Huang*
School of Geosciences, Yangtze University, Wuhan Hubei
Received: Apr. 15th, 2021; accepted: May 11th, 2021; published: May 18th, 2021
The end-Permian mass extinction event resulted in the dramatic change of the dominant group of marine benthic ecosystem from brachiopods to mollusks (bivalves and gastropods). Understanding the ecological distribution of bivalves prior to the mass extinction would help to deepen the understanding of the extinction pattern of bivalves. This study has collected Late Permian bivalves genera from published literatures on South China, and analyzed their living environments, lifestyles and feeding styles. The living environment has been divided into shallow sea facies (including shore and platform) and deep sea facies. In total, 54 genera are collected, including 40 genera in shallow sea facies, and 24 genera in deep sea facies, which indicates significantly higher biodiversity in shallow sea than deep sea. Six types of lifestyles were identified, including shallow infaunal burrowing, deep infaunal burrowing, epibenthic byssus-attached, and semi-infaunal. The number of lifestyles of bivalves showed a great difference between shallow sea and deep sea, with much lower in deep sea. From the perspective of ecological functional groups, the number of functional groups in deep-sea facies is significantly lower than that in shallow sea facies. Therefore, the biodiversity and ecological functional diversity of bivalves during the Late Permian Changhsingian are closely related to the water depth, and much higher in the shallow sea.
Keywords:Bivalves, Late Permian, Biodiversity, Life-Style, Functional Group
Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).
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古–中生代之交(即二叠纪–三叠纪之交)的生物灭绝事件,是显生宙最大规模的一次生物灭绝 [
晚二叠世长兴期,华南地区的岩相古地理格局继承了龙潭期的岩相古地理格局,同时延伸至早三叠世。华南地区西部的康滇古陆和东部的华夏古陆为主要的隆起剥蚀区,周缘为陆相及海陆过渡相沉积 [
本研究统计了华南地区已报到的双壳类属种名单 [
属名 | 水深 | 摄食方式 | 生活方式 | 属名 | 水深 | 摄食方式 | 生活方式 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
内栖型 | 表栖型 | 半 内 栖 型 | 内栖型 | 表栖型 | 半 内 栖 型 | ||||||||||||||
深 水 | 浅 水 | 食 沉 积 物 质 | 食 悬 浮 物 质 | 浅 掘 穴 类 | 深 掘 穴 类 | 足 丝 固 着 类 | 游 泳 类 | 深 水 | 浅 水 | 食 沉 积 物 质 | 食 悬 浮 物 质 | 浅 掘 穴 类 | 深 掘 穴 类 | 足 丝 固 着 类 | 游 泳 类 | ||||
Pernopecten | √ | √ | √ | Claraia | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Palaeolima | √ | √ | √ | Hunanopecten | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Guizhoupecten | √ | √ | √ | Paradoxipecten | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Actinopteria | √ | √ | √ | Palaeonucula | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||
Aviculopecten | √ | √ | √ | Schizdus | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Palaeoneilo | √ | √ | √ | Crenipecten | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Taimyria | √ | √ | √ | Entolium | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Phestia | √ | √ | √ | √ | Leptochondria | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||
Astartella | √ | √ | √ | Streblopteria | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||
Schizodus | √ | √ | √ | Solemya | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Nuculopsis | √ | √ | √ | √ | Myonia | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||
Opisthocoelus | √ | √ | √ | fasciculiconcha | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Wilkingia | √ | √ | √ | Hayasakapecten | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Neoschizodus | √ | √ | √ | Pseudomonotis | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Eumorphotis | √ | √ | √ | Pernopecten | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Modiolus | √ | √ | √ | Palaeolima | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Liebea | √ | √ | √ | Guizhoupecten | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Promyalina | √ | √ | √ | Palaeoneilo | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Leptodesma | √ | √ | √ | Nuculopsis | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||
Ensipteria | √ | √ | √ | Tambanella | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Bakevellia | √ | √ | √ | Euchondria | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Tambanella | √ | √ | √ | Girtypecten | √ | √ | √ |
Heteropecten | √ | √ | √ | Parallelodon | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Orientopecten | √ | √ | √ | Etheripecten | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Euchondria | √ | √ | √ | Permophorus | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Stutchburia | √ | √ | √ | Girtypecten | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Edmondia | √ | √ | √ | Parallelodon | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Vacunella | √ | √ | √ | Etheripecten | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Promytilus | √ | √ | √ | Eocamptonectes | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Towapteria | √ | √ | √ | Acanthopecten | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||
Streblochondria | √ | √ | √ | Gallowayinella | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||
Myalina | √ | √ | √ | Nanlingella | √ | √ | √ | √ |
表1. 华南地区晚二叠世双壳类属及其生态特征
晚二叠世华南地区沉积序列完整,且古地理分异较为明显,伴随着古地理分异的是双壳类生物种属及其生活方式的巨大差异。
在浅海相区的40个属中,35属为食悬浮物质类,占87.5%,4属为兼食性类,占比10%,食沉积物质类仅有1属,为Palaeoneilo (图1)。深海相区24属中,19属为食悬浮物质者,占比79%,3属为食沉积物质者,占比8%,兼食性则仅有2属(图2)。深海相区与浅海相区相似,但是食悬浮物质类比例更大,食沉积物质者则占比较小。此外,广适性的双壳类属的摄食方式多样化,食悬浮物质者占比80%。
图1. 浅海地区双壳类生物的摄食方式
在浅海相区的40个属中,表栖足丝固着类有30属,数量最多,占比达75%,内栖浅掘穴类5属,占比13%,内栖深掘穴类2属,分别是Wilkingia和Vacunella,仅占5%,未见有表栖游泳类。剩余3属为半内栖型,占比7% (图3)。24个深水相双壳类属中,没有内栖浅掘穴类和半内栖型,表栖足丝固着类有22属,占92%;内栖深掘穴类有2属,分别是Solemya和Myonia,占8%,也未见有表栖游泳类(图4)。因此,浅海相区和深海相区双壳类的生活方式具有较为显著的差异,浅海相区的生活方式种类更多。此外,广适性的双壳类属的生活方式单一化,都是表栖足丝固着类。
图2. 深海地区双壳类生物的摄食方式
图3. 浅海地区双壳类生物的生活方式
图4. 深海地区双壳类生物的生活方式
双壳类生物来自不同沉积环境和不同水深,因此在摄食方式与生活方式上有着各种各样的组合形式,即生态功能群。本研究共识别出6种生态功能群,以食悬浮物质表栖足丝固着类数量最多,一共34属,其中仅生活在深海环境中的有9属,仅生活在浅海环境中的有17属,另有8属为广适性分子。食悬浮物质半内栖类共计3属,食悬浮物质内栖浅掘穴类共计5属,仅分布于浅海环境中。食悬浮物质内栖深掘穴类分布于深海环境有2属,分布于浅海环境中的也是2属,没有广适性分子。兼食型表栖足丝固着类这生态功能群共6属,深海环境2属,浅海环境3属,广适性分子1属。食沉积物质表栖足丝固着类只有2属,1属仅分布于深海环境,1属为广适性分子(表2)。
生态功能群 | 仅深海 | 仅浅海 | 广适性 | 共计 |
---|---|---|---|---|
食沉积物质表栖足丝固着类 | 1属 | 0属 | 1属 | 2属 |
食悬浮物质内栖浅掘穴类 | 0属 | 5属 | 0属 | 5属 |
食悬浮物质内栖深掘穴类 | 2属 | 2属 | 0属 | 4属 |
食悬浮物质表栖足丝固着类 | 9属 | 17属 | 8属 | 34属 |
食悬浮物质半内栖类 | 0属 | 3属 | 0属 | 3属 |
兼食型表栖足丝固着类 | 2属 | 3属 | 1属 | 6属 |
表2. 华南晚二叠世浅海与深海双壳类生态功能群对比
通过对华南地区晚二叠世长兴期双壳类的统计和分析,得出以下结论:
1) 浅海相区的双壳类约40属,深海相区只有24属,从属的数量上来看,浅海相区明显具有较高的生物多样性。
2) 深海环境中的双壳类生物缺乏食悬浮物质足丝内栖类和食悬浮物质浅掘穴类两种生态功能群,生态功能群数量上与浅海环境存在明显差异。
3) 生态功能群中的食悬浮物质足丝固着类数量最多,占整体的63%,是晚二叠世双壳类生物最主要的生态功能群。
4) 从生态特征上看,浅海比深海具有更高的生物多样性,在晚二叠世末期生物大灭绝中的表现是否相同则需要进一步的探讨。
国家自然科学基金项目(编号:41502012);长江大学大学生创新创业训练项目(编号:2019019)。
赵俊杰,朱梦佳,王 洋,李婉冰,李 煜,黄云飞. 华南晚二叠世长兴期浅海相与深海相双壳类对比分析Comparison of Bivalves from Shallow Sea and Deep Sea during the Changhsingian, Late Permian in South China[J]. 地球科学前沿, 2021, 11(05): 601-607. https://doi.org/10.12677/AG.2021.115055