采用单因子指数法和内梅罗指数法对位于华东地区中部的农药厂地块土壤和地下水污染状况进行了调查研究,旨在为治理农药厂地块土壤有机物污染提供理论依据。结果表明,土壤有机物超标点位8个,主要沿地块四周分布。单因子指数法评价表明各检测到的有机物污染程度为毒杀芬 > p,p'-滴滴涕 > 四氯化碳 > 氯仿 > α-六六六。内梅罗指数评价表明,厂区北部循环水池北侧S38、西北部盐酸精制车间S18和西部双氧水贮罐区S10的综合污染指数为3270.69、69.90和4.05,受污染最为严重,主要沿地块四周分布,与地下水总体流向由地块中部向四周流动一致。地下水有机物超标点位19个,西北角成品仓库点位未超标。单因子指数法评价表明各检测到的有机物污染程度为二氯甲烷 > 挥发性酚 > 甲苯 > 4-氯苯胺 > 四氯化碳 > 敌草隆 > 氯苯 > 草甘膦 > 1,2-二氯丙烷 > 4-硝基苯胺 > 1,3,5-三甲基苯。内梅罗指数评价表明,西南角硫酸亚铁车间W5点位、厂区东部生化池W19点位、西北部草甘膦车间W7点位、厂区西部草甘膦缩合车间W3-2点位、东部污泥池浓缩池W18-2点位和北部制氮制氧车间W9点位的综合污染指数达到1490.57、192.30、77.01、74.86、74.61和72.66,污染严重。其余点位也受到不同程度的污染,仅西北角成品仓库1点位未超标。 The single factor index and Nemerow index were used to investigate the soil and groundwater pollution of a pesticide factory in Central part of East China, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of soil organic pollution. The results showed that there were 8 exceeding standard points of soil organic matter, mainly distributed around the plot. The single factor index method indicated that the pollution degree of each detected organic matter in soil samples was Toxaphene > p,p'-DDT > Carbon Tetrachloride > Chloroform > α-benzex. Nemerow index evaluation showed that the comprehensive pollution index of S38 in the north of the circulating pond, S18 in the northwest of hydrochloric acid refining workshop and S10 in the west of hydrogen peroxide storage tank area were 3270.69, 69.90 and 4.05, which were the most seriously polluted, mainly distributed around the plot, consistent with the general flow of groundwater from the middle to the surrounding area. There were 19 points of groundwater organic matter exceeding the standard, and the finished product warehouse in northwest corner did not exceed the standard. The single factor index method showed that the pollution degree of organic pollution detected was Dichloromethane > Volatile phenol > Toluene > 4-chloroaniline > Carbon tetrachloride > Diuron > Chlorobenzene > Glyphosate > 1,2-dichloropropane > 4-nitroaniline > 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene. Nemero index evaluation showed that, the comprehensive pollution indexes at W5 of ferrous sulfate workshop in the southwest corner, W19 of biochemical pond in the east of the plant, W7 of glyphosate workshop in the northwest, W3-2 of glyphosate condensation workshop in the west of the plant, W18-2 of sludge pond concentration tank in the east and W9 of nitrogen and oxygen production workshop in the north reached 1490.57, 192.30, 77.01, 74.86, 74.61 and 72.66, which were seriously polluted. The rest of the points were also polluted to varying degrees, only one point in the northwest corner did not exceed the standard.
采用单因子指数法和内梅罗指数法对位于华东地区中部的农药厂地块土壤和地下水污染状况进行了调查研究,旨在为治理农药厂地块土壤有机物污染提供理论依据。结果表明,土壤有机物超标点位8个,主要沿地块四周分布。单因子指数法评价表明各检测到的有机物污染程度为毒杀芬 > p,p'-滴滴涕 > 四氯化碳 > 氯仿 > α-六六六。内梅罗指数评价表明,厂区北部循环水池北侧S38、西北部盐酸精制车间S18和西部双氧水贮罐区S10的综合污染指数为3270.69、69.90和4.05,受污染最为严重,主要沿地块四周分布,与地下水总体流向由地块中部向四周流动一致。地下水有机物超标点位19个,西北角成品仓库点位未超标。单因子指数法评价表明各检测到的有机物污染程度为二氯甲烷 > 挥发性酚 > 甲苯 > 4-氯苯胺 > 四氯化碳 > 敌草隆 > 氯苯 > 草甘膦 > 1,2-二氯丙烷 > 4-硝基苯胺 > 1,3,5-三甲基苯。内梅罗指数评价表明,西南角硫酸亚铁车间W5点位、厂区东部生化池W19点位、西北部草甘膦车间W7点位、厂区西部草甘膦缩合车间W3-2点位、东部污泥池浓缩池W18-2点位和北部制氮制氧车间W9点位的综合污染指数达到1490.57、192.30、77.01、74.86、74.61和72.66,污染严重。其余点位也受到不同程度的污染,仅西北角成品仓库1点位未超标。
农药用地,地块调查,单因子指数法,内梅罗指数,污染评价
Yanlong Xu1, Xueru Shi2, Anqi Peng1, Yu Mei1*, Bosheng Lv3*
1College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou Zhejiang
2College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou Zhejiang
3Institute of Membrane Separation and Water Science & Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou Zhejiang
Received: May 27th, 2021; accepted: Jun. 29th, 2021; published: Jul. 12th, 2021
The single factor index and Nemerow index were used to investigate the soil and groundwater pollution of a pesticide factory in Central part of East China, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of soil organic pollution. The results showed that there were 8 exceeding standard points of soil organic matter, mainly distributed around the plot. The single factor index method indicated that the pollution degree of each detected organic matter in soil samples was Toxaphene > p,p'-DDT > Carbon Tetrachloride > Chloroform > α-benzex. Nemerow index evaluation showed that the comprehensive pollution index of S38 in the north of the circulating pond, S18 in the northwest of hydrochloric acid refining workshop and S10 in the west of hydrogen peroxide storage tank area were 3270.69, 69.90 and 4.05, which were the most seriously polluted, mainly distributed around the plot, consistent with the general flow of groundwater from the middle to the surrounding area. There were 19 points of groundwater organic matter exceeding the standard, and the finished product warehouse in northwest corner did not exceed the standard. The single factor index method showed that the pollution degree of organic pollution detected was Dichloromethane > Volatile phenol > Toluene > 4-chloroaniline > Carbon tetrachloride > Diuron > Chlorobenzene > Glyphosate > 1,2-dichloropropane > 4-nitroaniline > 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene. Nemero index evaluation showed that, the comprehensive pollution indexes at W5 of ferrous sulfate workshop in the southwest corner, W19 of biochemical pond in the east of the plant, W7 of glyphosate workshop in the northwest, W3-2 of glyphosate condensation workshop in the west of the plant, W18-2 of sludge pond concentration tank in the east and W9 of nitrogen and oxygen production workshop in the north reached 1490.57, 192.30, 77.01, 74.86, 74.61 and 72.66, which were seriously polluted. The rest of the points were also polluted to varying degrees, only one point in the northwest corner did not exceed the standard.
Keywords:Pesticide Land, Site Investigation, Single Factor Index, Nemerow Index, Pollution Assessment
Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).
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随着华东地区中部产业结构调整优化的深入推进和城镇化建设进程的不断加快,大量企业被关停并转、破产或搬迁,腾出的工业企业地块作为城市建设用地被再次开发利用,人多地少的矛盾特别突出 [
研究选取典型的某农药厂搬迁后厂址进行污染调查。该厂处于华东地区中部,三面环绕小山丘,面积211亩,该农药厂生产历史悠久,到2017年12月停产历时52年,用地类型为工业用地。该厂不同时期产品方案各不相同,产品种类印证了我国农药发展历程,历经建厂早期计划经济的有机氯类农药(六六六、滴滴涕、毒杀芬、杀虫脒)、中期改革开放的有机磷类农药(甲胺磷、氧化乐果)、后期深化改革开放的低毒有机磷类杀虫剂及草甘膦除草剂发展轨迹,生产产品基本涵盖了我国不同时期主要的农药产品种类。厂区中部、东北部、东南部为生产车间,东南侧为废水处理站、循环水池及应急水池等,西部灌装区,东北侧固废暂存场所。2020年1月完成拆除工作,2020年5月开展地块调研工作。通过调查土地使用状况、工厂三废情况、污染源类型、厂区周边生态环境、敏感目标、污染源和污染物等,采集土壤和地下水样,选取评价因子,进行单因子指数法 [
土壤采样采用系统布点法和专业判断法相结合的布点方法,采样方法根据国家标准方法,以40 × 40 m网格进行布点,并选择潜在污染最大的区域进行布点,计划地块内共布设91个土壤监测点位。地下3 m以内土壤的采样间隔为0.5 m,3~6 m采样间隔为1 m,6~12 m采样间隔为1 m至2.0 m。地下水采样根据监测布点原则,系统布点法与专业判断布点法相结合的布点方法,以80 × 80 m网格进行布点,在网格内通过专业判断布点法,选择潜在污染最大的区域进行布点,计划在地块内共布设22个地下水监测点位。各地下水采样点位分别布设两口地下水井,一口建浅井,建井深度至少达到地下水水位以下3 m,另一口建深井,计划地下水钻探深度为达到基岩。背景对照监测点通过判断水流流向趋势、资料收集等,设置于地块外部区域外,土壤共布点12个,地下水布点2个。采样点如图1所示。
监测项目为GB36600-2018《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》45项基本项目;行业典型污染特征物;根据HJ25.1-2019《建设用地土壤污染状况调查技术导则》附录等,持久性有机污染物、农药为必测项目;生产历史涉及的主要产品、原辅材料及其环境衍生物,土壤检测项目共98项,地下水检测项目100项。
图1. 采样点分布
评价方法采用单因子指数法和内梅罗指数法。单因子指数(Pi)如(1)所示 [
P i = C i S i (1)
式中Pi为污染物i的单因子指数;Ci为调查点位污染物i的浓度;Si为污染物的评价标准。
内梅罗污染指数(PN)如(2)所示 [
P N = ( P max ) 2 + ( P iave ) 2 2 (2)
式中PN为土壤中多种污染物综合污染指数;Piave为调查点位土壤污染中样品单因子污染指数Pi的平均值;Pimax为调查点样品中单因子污染指数Pi的最大值,各个污染物因素为影响最后综合污染指数的因素。
地块用地未来规划属第二类用地,土壤采用GB36600-2018《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》第二类用地筛选值标准;原厂废水处理站出水达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》新扩改一级标准后排入工业园区市政污水管网,因此地下水采用GB/T14848-2017《地下水质量标准》III类标准;地表积水采用GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》新扩改一级标准 [
等级划分 Level | 单因子污染指数 Single factor index | 内梅罗指数 Nemerow index | 污染等级 Pollution degree | 污染水平 Pollution level |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Pi ≤ 0.7 | PN ≤ 0.7 | 安全 | 清洁 |
2 | 0.7 < Pi ≤ 1.0 | 0.7 < PN ≤ 1.0 | 警戒限 | 尚清洁 |
3 | 1.0 < Pi ≤ 2.0 | 1.0 < PN ≤ 2.0 | 轻污染 | 土壤开始受到污染 |
4 | 2.0 < Pi ≤ 3.0 | 2.0 < PN ≤ 3.0 | 中污染 | 土壤受中度污染 |
5 | Pi > 3.0 | PN > 3.0 | 重污染 | 土壤受污染已相当严重 |
表1. 土壤有机物污染分级标准
土壤中各污染物检测结果见表2。厂区内土壤pH值为6.57~8.51;7种重金属除铬(六价)未被检出外,6种重金属(砷、镉、铜、铅、汞、镍)均被检出,且均能满足GB36600-2018《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》第二类用地筛选值;35种挥发性有机物26种被检出,其中2种VOCs污染物(四氯化碳、氯仿)不能满足GB36600-2018《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》第二类用地筛选值或其他风险筛查限值规定要求,超标倍数0.03~7.86倍,最大超标倍数为S10 (7.0~7.5 m)样品四氯化碳,受污染最大深度为S31 (9.0~10.0 m)样品四氯化碳0.03倍;27种半挥发性有机物20种被检出,均能满足GB36600-2018《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》第二类用地筛选值或其他风险筛查限值规定要求;25种有机农药及其他特征污染物16种被检出,其中4种有机农药类(α-六六六、滴滴涕、狄氏剂、毒杀芬)不能满足GB36600-2018《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》第二类用地筛选值或其他风险筛查限值规定要求,超标倍数0.40~4561.50倍,最大超标倍数为S38 (0.5~1.0 m)样品毒杀芬,受污染最大深度为S16 (3.0~4.0 m)样品α-六六六0.40倍、狄氏剂0.73倍;石油烃(C10-C40)均能满足GB36600-2018《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》第二类用地筛选值。12个背景对照点17个土壤样品中共有23种检测污染物被检出(6种重金属、13种SVOCs、2种有机农药及其他特征污染物、石油烃和pH),仅BJS3 (0.0~0.5 m)毒杀芬超标,最大超标倍数349.00倍,位于地块东侧最近红线240 m处,其余均能满足GB36600-2018《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》第二类用地筛选值或其他风险筛查限值规定要求。
序号 | 检测项目 | 对照点检 出范围 | 地块内检 出范围 | 送检 数 | 检出 数 | 检出 率 | 筛查 标准 | 超标 数 | 超标 率 | 超标点位 | 超标点 浓度 | 超标 倍数 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
重金属 | ||||||||||||
1 | 砷 | 2.39~31.3 | 0.95~51.5 | 398 | 398 | 100% | 60 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
2 | 镉 | 0.03~0.24 | 0.01~2.11 | 398 | 398 | 100% | 65 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
3 | 铜 | 11~36 | 4~1740 | 398 | 398 | 100% | 18,000 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
4 | 铅 | 23.7~60.1 | 12~180 | 398 | 398 | 100% | 800 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
5 | 汞 | 0.051~0.471 | 0.008~0.329 | 398 | 398 | 100% | 38 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
6 | 镍 | 9~43 | 6~118 | 398 | 398 | 100% | 900 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
挥发性有机物 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 | 四氯化碳 | <1.3 × 10−3 | 0.006~24.8 | 398 | 30 | 7.54% | 2.8 | 5 | 1.26% | S10 (5.0~6.0 m) | 6.41 | 1.29 |
S10 (7.0~7.5 m) | 24.8 | 7.86 | ||||||||||
S15 (5.0~6.0 m) | 5.92 | 1.11 | ||||||||||
S16 (5.0~5.5 m) | 3.17 | 0.13 | ||||||||||
S31 (9.0~10.0 m) | 2.87 | 0.03 | ||||||||||
8 | 氯仿 | <1.1 × 10−3 | 0.002~1.99 | 398 | 28 | 7.04% | 0.9 | 1 | 0.25% | S22 (1.5~2.0 m) | 1.99 | 1.21 |
9 | 氯甲烷 | <1.0 × 10−3 | 0.0054~0.0656 | 398 | 6 | 1.51% | 37 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
10 | 1,2-二氯乙烷 | <1.3 × 10−3 | 0.0023~0.912 | 398 | 11 | 2.76% | 5 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
11 | 二氯甲烷 | <1.5 × 10−3 | 0.0073~74.4 | 398 | 16 | 4.02% | 616 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
12 | 1,1,1,2-四氯乙烷 | <1.2 × 10−3 | 0.0148 | 398 | 1 | 0.25% | 10 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
13 | 1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷 | <1.2 × 10−3 | 0.0113~0.0279 | 398 | 4 | 1.01% | 6.8 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
14 | 四氯乙烯 | <1.4 × 10−3 | 0.0187~0.125 | 398 | 3 | 0.75% | 53 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
15 | 1,1,2-三氯乙烷 | <1.2 × 10−3 | 0.0151~0.199 | 398 | 2 | 0.50% | 2.8 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
16 | 三氯乙烯 | <1.2 × 10−3 | 0.0075~0.522 | 398 | 5 | 1.26% | 2.8 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
17 | 苯 | <1.9 × 10−3 | 0.0022~0.0222 | 398 | 30 | 7.54% | 4 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
18 | 氯苯 | <1.2 × 10−3 | 0.0015~3.83 | 398 | 101 | 25.38% | 270 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
19 | 1,2-二氯苯 | <1.5 × 10−3 | 0.0062~0.0613 | 398 | 10 | 2.51% | 560 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
20 | 1,4-二氯苯 | <1.5 × 10−3 | 0.0069~0.123 | 398 | 6 | 1.51% | 20 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
21 | 乙苯 | <1.2 × 10−3 | 0.0028~0.0551 | 398 | 11 | 2.76% | 28 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
22 | 苯乙烯 | <1.1 × 10−3 | 0.0059~0.0215 | 398 | 3 | 0.75% | 1290 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
23 | 甲苯 | <1.3 × 10−3 | 0.0013~40.1 | 398 | 69 | 17.34% | 1200 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
24 | 间二甲苯 | <1.2 × 10−3 | 0.0014~0.0605 | 398 | 20 | 5.03% | 570 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
对二甲苯 | <1.2 × 10−3 | 0.0021~0.1140 | 398 | 15 | 3.77% | 0 | 0% | / | / | / | ||
25 | 邻二甲苯 | <1.2 × 10−3 | 0.0016~0.7140 | 398 | 13 | 3.27% | 640 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
26 | 异丙苯 | <1.2 × 10−3 | 0.0066~0.4360 | 398 | 7 | 1.76% | 270 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
27 | 正丙苯 | <1.2 × 10−3 | 0.0014~0.2210 | 398 | 7 | 1.76% | 260 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
28 | 1,2,4-三甲基苯 | <1.3 × 10−3 | 0.0042~1.280 | 398 | 20 | 5.03% | 220 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
29 | 1,3,5-三甲基苯 | <1.4 × 10−3 | 0.0019~0.1650 | 398 | 20 | 5.03% | 180 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
30 | 2-氯甲苯 | <1.3 × 10−3 | 0.0018~0.5370 | 398 | 19 | 4.77% | 910 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
31 | 4-氯甲苯 | <1.3 × 10−3 | 0.0017~0.0478 | 398 | 3 | 0.75% | 250 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
32 | 1,2,4-三氯苯 | <0.3 × 10−3 | 0.0038~0.2510 | 398 | 9 | 2.26% | 101 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
半挥发性有机物 | ||||||||||||
33 | 硝基苯 | <0.09 | 6.02 | 398 | 1 | 0.25% | 76 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
34 | 苯并[a]蒽 | 0.07~0.22 | 0.06~0.22 | 398 | 15 | 3.77% | 15 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
35 | 苯并[a]芘 | 0.04~0.32 | 0.04~0.27 | 398 | 14 | 3.52% | 1.5 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
36 | 苯并[b]荧蒽 | 0.28 | 0.07~0.23 | 398 | 4 | 1.01% | 15 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
37 | 苯并[k]荧蒽 | 0.04~0.21 | 0.05~0.18 | 398 | 9 | 2.26% | 151 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
38 | 䓛 | 0.04~0.36 | 0.04~0.21 | 398 | 9 | 2.26% | 1293 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
39 | 二苯并[a,h]蒽 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 398 | 2 | 0.50% | 1.5 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
40 | 茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘 | 0.09~0.17 | 0.08~0.16 | 398 | 7 | 1.76% | 15 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
41 | 萘 | <0.03 | 0.09~0.66 | 398 | 2 | 0.50% | 70 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
42 | 2,4-二氯酚 | <0.07 | 0.14 | 398 | 1 | 0.25% | 843 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
43 | 邻苯二甲酸二 (2-乙基己基)酯 | 0.5 | 0.1~0.5 | 398 | 24 | 6.03% | 121 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
44 | 2,4-二硝基苯酚 | <0.1 | 0.9~1.0 | 398 | 2 | 0.50% | 562 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
45 | 4-甲基苯酚 | <0.1 | 0.2 | 398 | 1 | 0.25% | 1406 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
46 | 菲 | 0.03~0.11 | 0.03~2.08 | 398 | 8 | 2.01% | 7578 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
47 | 荧蒽 | 0.07~0.47 | 0.11~0.46 | 398 | 6 | 1.51% | 10,000 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
48 | 芘 | 0.06~0.41 | 0.05~0.39 | 398 | 9 | 2.26% | 7578 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
49 | 苯并[g,h,i]苝 | 0.06~0.21 | 0.06~0.19 | 398 | 8 | 2.01% | 7578 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
50 | 邻苯二甲酸二丁酯 | 0.1 | 0.1~0.4 | 398 | 4 | 1.01% | 10,000 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
51 | 2-甲基萘 | <0.08 | 0.12~1.76 | 398 | 3 | 0.75% | 1062 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
52 | 4-氯苯胺 | <0.09 | 0.13~1.68 | 398 | 5 | 1.26% | 9 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
有机农药类及其他特征污染物 | ||||||||||||
53 | α-六六六 | <0.03 | 0.42 | 398 | 1 | 0.25% | 0.3 | 1 | 0.25% | S16 (3.0~4.0 m) | 0.42 | 0.40 |
54 | β-六六六 | <0.03 | 0.85 | 398 | 1 | 0.25% | 0.92 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
55 | γ-六六六 | <0.03 | 1.40 | 398 | 1 | 0.25% | 1.9 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
56 | p,p'-滴滴伊 | 0.12~0.24 | 0.12~3.30 | 398 | 12 | 3.02% | 7.0 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
57 | o,p'-滴滴涕 | <0.05 | 0.08~0.73 | 398 | 5 | 1.26% | 6.7 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
p,p'-滴滴涕 | <0.05 | 0.07~138 | 398 | 13 | 3.27% | 1 | 0.25% | S18 (0.5~1.0 m) | 138 | 19.60 | ||
58 | p,p'-滴滴滴 | <0.03 | 0.03~6.91 | 398 | 13 | 3.27% | 7.1 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
59 | 六氯苯 | <0.03 | 0.15 | 398 | 1 | 0.25% | 1 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
60 | δ-六六六 | <0.05 | 0.31 | 398 | 1 | 0.25% | 1.2 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
61 | 狄氏剂 | <0.02 | 0.19 | 398 | 1 | 0.25% | 0.11 | 1 | 0.25% | S16 (3.0~4.0 m) | 0.19 | 0.73 |
62 | 草甘膦 | <0.02 | 0.02~128 | 398 | 225 | 56.53% | 10,000 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
63 | 毒杀芬 | 560 | 80.2~7300 | 398 | 4 | 1.01% | 1.6 | 4 | 1.01% | S18 (0.5~1.0 m) | 155 | 95.88 |
S38 (0.5~1.0 m) | 7300 | 4561.50 | ||||||||||
S61 (1.5~2.0 m) | 80.2 | 49.13 | ||||||||||
BJS3 (0.0~0.5 m) | 560 | 349.00 | ||||||||||
64 | 敌草隆* | <1.0 × 10−3 | 0.0034~12.3 | 398 | 46 | 11.56% | 1600 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
65 | 甲基对硫磷 | <0.95 | 37.8 | 398 | 1 | 0.25% | 74 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
66 | 甲醛 | <0.02 | 2.19~10.3 | 398 | 20 | 5.03% | 30 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
67 | α-硫丹 | <0.02 | 0.56 | 398 | 1 | 0.25% | 1687 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
68 | 黄磷* | <2.50 × 10−3 | 0.0161~0.0322 | 398 | 4 | 1.01% | / | / | / | / | / | / |
其他 | ||||||||||||
69 | 石油烃(C10-C40) | <6.00~151 | 6.19~1670 | 398 | 207 | 52.01% | 4500 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
70 | pH (无量纲) | 7.56~8.47 | 6.57~8.51 | 398 | 398 | 100% | / | / | / | / | / | / |
表2. 土壤监测指标监测结果
注:除注明外单位均为mg/kg,/为未超标。
地下水污染检测结果如表3所示。根据检测分析,地块内地下水22个采样点位30个样品13种常规化学指标除氰化物未被检出外,其余12种常规化学指标均难以全面满足GB/T14848-2017《地下水质量标准》III类限值规定要求;7种重金属除铬(六价)、汞未被检出外,5种重金属(砷、镉、铜、铅、镍)均被检出,且均不能满足GB/T14848-2017《地下水质量标准》III类限值规定要求,超标倍数0.10~130.00倍,最大超标倍数为W15样品铜;32种挥发性有机物22种被检出,其中6种VOCs污染物(四氯化碳、二氯甲烷、1,2-二氯丙烷、氯苯、甲苯、1,3,5-三甲基苯)不能满足GB/T14848-2017《地下水质量标准》III类限值或其他风险筛查限值规定要求,超标倍数0.02~2099.00倍,最大超标倍数为W5样品四氯化碳;25种半挥发性有机物18种被检出,其中2种SVOCs污染物(4-氯苯胺、4-硝基苯胺)不能满足GB/T14848-2017《地下水质量标准》III类限值或其他风险筛查限值规定要求,超标倍数0.10~104.14倍,最大超标倍数为W18-2样品4-氯苯胺;21种有机农药类及其他特征污染2种被检出,其中2种有机农药类(敌草隆、草甘膦)不能满足GB/T14848-2017《地下水质量标准》III类限值或其他风险筛查限值规定要求,超标倍数0.48~22.57倍,最大超标倍数为W9-2样品草甘膦;石油类全部被检出,最大0.04 mg/L,均能满足GB/T14848-2017《地下水质量标准》III类限值规定要求。2个地下水样品仅主要常规化学指标pH、挥发性酚类、耗氧量、硫化物、总磷难以全面满足GB/T14848-2017《地下水质量标准》III类限值规定要求,南侧背景对照点地下水样品pH6.01、挥发性酚类0.0058 mg/L、耗氧量3.99 mg/L、硫化物0.041 mg/L、总磷0.03 mg/L,北侧背景对照点地下水样品pH5.53、挥发性酚类0.0038 mg/L、耗氧量1.97 mg/L、硫化物0.048 mg/L、总磷12.7 mg/L。
序号 | 检测项目 | 对照点检 出范围 | 地块内检 出范围 | 送检 数 | 检出 数 | 检出 率 | 筛查 标准 | 超标 数 | 超标 率 | 超标 点位 | 超标点 浓度 | 超标 倍数 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
常规指标(单位:除注明外均为mg/L) | ||||||||||||
1 | 色度(度) | 10 | 5~2000 | 31 | 22 | 70.97% | 15 | 15 | 48.39% | W2 | 2000 | 132.33 |
W2-2 | 1500 | 99.00 | ||||||||||
W3 | 40 | 1.67 | ||||||||||
W3-2 | 175 | 10.67 | ||||||||||
W5 | 20 | 0.33 | ||||||||||
W7 | 80 | 4.33 | ||||||||||
W9-2 | 20 | 0.33 | ||||||||||
W11 | 80 | 4.33 | ||||||||||
W13 | 125 | 7.33 | ||||||||||
W14 | 25 | 0.67 | ||||||||||
W16-2 | 25 | 0.67 | ||||||||||
W18 | 40 | 1.67 | ||||||||||
W18-2 | 35 | 1.33 | ||||||||||
W19 | 35 | 1.33 | ||||||||||
W21-2 | 20 | 0.33 | ||||||||||
2 | 浑浊度(NTU) | <1 | 6~150 | 32 | 6 | 18.75% | 3 | 6 | 18.75% | W2 | 30 | 9.00 |
W7 | 25 | 7.33 | ||||||||||
W9 | 80 | 25.67 | ||||||||||
W16-2 | 6 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
W18 | 150 | 49.00 | ||||||||||
W19 | 75 | 24.00 |
3 | pH(无量纲) | 5.53~6.01 | 2.93~8.63 | 32 | 32 | 100% | 6.5~8.5 | 20 | 62.50% | W2-2 | 6.47 | / |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W3-2 | 6.06 | / | ||||||||||
W4 | 5.78 | / | ||||||||||
W5 | 6.18 | / | ||||||||||
W8 | 8.63 | / | ||||||||||
W9 | 5.93 | / | ||||||||||
W11 | 6.24 | / | ||||||||||
W12 | 3.69 | / | ||||||||||
W13 | 5.34 | / | ||||||||||
W15 | 6.14 | / | ||||||||||
W17 | 4.74 | / | ||||||||||
W17-2 | 5.58 | / | ||||||||||
W19 | 6.31 | / | ||||||||||
W19-2 | 5.94 | / | ||||||||||
W20 | 5.91 | / | ||||||||||
W21 | 2.93 | / | ||||||||||
W21-2 | 3.57 | / | ||||||||||
W22 | 3.39 | / | ||||||||||
BJW1 | 6.01 | / | ||||||||||
BJW2 | 5.53 | / | ||||||||||
4 | 硫酸盐 | 12.3~24.1 | 6.53~1140 | 32 | 32 | 100% | 250 | 5 | 15.62% | W6 | 434 | 0.74 |
W13 | 381 | 0.52 | ||||||||||
W15 | 425 | 0.70 | ||||||||||
W21 | 522 | 1.09 | ||||||||||
W21-2 | 1140 | 3.56 | ||||||||||
5 | 氯化物 | 2.74~13.4 | 33.4~38,800 | 32 | 32 | 100% | 250 | 18 | 56.25% | W2 | 381 | 0.52 |
W2-2 | 401 | 0.60 | ||||||||||
W3-2 | 368 | 0.47 | ||||||||||
W7 | 1390 | 4.56 | ||||||||||
W9 | 362 | 0.45 | ||||||||||
W12 | 2680 | 9.72 | ||||||||||
W13 | 1770 | 6.08 | ||||||||||
W15 | 38800 | 154.20 | ||||||||||
W16 | 3480 | 12.92 | ||||||||||
W16-2 | 1180 | 3.72 | ||||||||||
W18 | 705 | 1.82 | ||||||||||
W18-2 | 1160 | 3.64 | ||||||||||
W19 | 959 | 2.84 | ||||||||||
W19-2 | 682 | 1.73 | ||||||||||
W20 | 916 | 2.66 | ||||||||||
W21 | 664 | 1.66 | ||||||||||
W21-2 | 983 | 2.93 | ||||||||||
W22 | 715 | 1.86 |
6 | 挥发性酚类 | 0.0038~0.0059 | 0.0012~0.542 | 32 | 32 | 100% | 0.002 | 22 | 68.75% | W2-2 | 0.0026 | 0.30 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W3-2 | 0.192 | 95.00 | ||||||||||
W5 | 0.196 | 97.00 | ||||||||||
W6 | 0.0051 | 1.55 | ||||||||||
W7 | 0.0217 | 9.85 | ||||||||||
W8 | 0.0038 | 0.90 | ||||||||||
W9 | 0.0457 | 21.85 | ||||||||||
W9-2 | 0.0025 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
W13 | 0.0414 | 19.70 | ||||||||||
W14 | 0.0892 | 43.60 | ||||||||||
W15 | 0.122 | 60.00 | ||||||||||
W16 | 0.124 | 61.00 | ||||||||||
W16-2 | 0.0303 | 14.15 | ||||||||||
W17 | 0.0304 | 14.20 | ||||||||||
W17-2 | 0.101 | 49.50 | ||||||||||
W19 | 0.542 | 270.00 | ||||||||||
W20 | 0.0025 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
W21 | 0.0069 | 2.45 | ||||||||||
W21-2 | 0.0023 | 0.15 | ||||||||||
W22 | 0.0044 | 1.20 | ||||||||||
BJW1 | 0.0058 | 1.90 | ||||||||||
BJW2 | 0.0038 | 0.90 | ||||||||||
7 | 耗氧量 | 1.97~3.99 | 2.46~629 | 32 | 32 | 100% | 3.0 | 29 | 90.62% | W2 | 317 | 104.67 |
W2-2 | 351 | 116.00 | ||||||||||
W3 | 32.3 | 9.77 | ||||||||||
W3-2 | 106 | 34.33 | ||||||||||
W4 | 3.14 | 0.05 | ||||||||||
W5 | 20.8 | 5.93 | ||||||||||
W6 | 29.4 | 8.80 | ||||||||||
W7 | 123 | 40.00 | ||||||||||
W8 | 6.26 | 1.09 | ||||||||||
W9 | 16.8 | 4.60 | ||||||||||
W9-2 | 61.5 | 19.50 | ||||||||||
W11 | 20.7 | 5.90 | ||||||||||
W12 | 4.30 | 0.43 | ||||||||||
W13 | 82.1 | 26.37 | ||||||||||
W14 | 11.7 | 2.90 | ||||||||||
W15 | 629 | 208.67 | ||||||||||
W16 | 130 | 42.33 | ||||||||||
W16-2 | 16.3 | 4.43 | ||||||||||
W17 | 5.10 | 0.70 | ||||||||||
W17-2 | 7.42 | 1.47 | ||||||||||
W18 | 30.1 | 9.03 | ||||||||||
W18-2 | 36.4 | 11.13 | ||||||||||
W19 | 20.2 | 5.73 | ||||||||||
W19-2 | 7.10 | 1.37 | ||||||||||
W20 | 22.5 | 6.50 | ||||||||||
W21 | 37.8 | 11.60 | ||||||||||
W21-2 | 111 | 36.00 | ||||||||||
W22 | 3.99 | 0.33 | ||||||||||
BJW1 | 3.99 | 0.33 |
8 | 氨氮 | 0.067~0.170 | 0.161~366 | 32 | 32 | 100% | 0.50 | 26 | 81.25% | W1 | 0.773 | 0.55 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W2 | 366 | 731.00 | ||||||||||
W2-2 | 298 | 595.00 | ||||||||||
W3 | 1.77 | 2.54 | ||||||||||
W3-2 | 27.6 | 54.20 | ||||||||||
W4 | 2.58 | 4.16 | ||||||||||
W5 | 42.3 | 83.60 | ||||||||||
W6 | 15.6 | 30.20 | ||||||||||
W7 | 81.4 | 161.80 | ||||||||||
W9 | 18.7 | 36.40 | ||||||||||
W9-2 | 25.8 | 50.60 | ||||||||||
W11 | 39.5 | 78.00 | ||||||||||
W12 | 13.7 | 26.40 | ||||||||||
W13 | 117 | 233.00 | ||||||||||
W14 | 9.44 | 17.88 | ||||||||||
W15 | 309 | 617.00 | ||||||||||
W16 | 139 | 277.00 | ||||||||||
W16-2 | 33.1 | 65.20 | ||||||||||
W18 | 56.7 | 112.40 | ||||||||||
W18-2 | 56.7 | 112.40 | ||||||||||
W19 | 19.8 | 38.60 | ||||||||||
W19-2 | 17.1 | 33.20 | ||||||||||
W20 | 53.6 | 106.20 | ||||||||||
W21 | 37.0 | 73.00 | ||||||||||
W21-2 | 77.9 | 154.80 | ||||||||||
W22 | 21.4 | 41.80 | ||||||||||
9 | 硫化物 | 0.041~0.048 | 0.012~0.06 | 32 | 31 | 96.88% | 0.02 | 28 | 87.50% | W1 | 0.048 | 1.40 |
W2-2 | 0.023 | 0.15 | ||||||||||
W3 | 0.035 | 0.75 | ||||||||||
W3-2 | 0.029 | 0.45 | ||||||||||
W4 | 0.046 | 1.30 | ||||||||||
W5 | 0.024 | 0.20 | ||||||||||
W6 | 0.035 | 0.75 | ||||||||||
W7 | 0.028 | 0.40 | ||||||||||
W8 | 0.045 | 1.25 | ||||||||||
W9 | 0.026 | 0.30 | ||||||||||
W9-2 | 0.060 | 2.00 | ||||||||||
W10 | 0.032 | 0.60 | ||||||||||
W11 | 0.044 | 1.20 | ||||||||||
W13 | 0.037 | 0.85 | ||||||||||
W14 | 0.032 | 0.60 | ||||||||||
W15 | 0.040 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
W16 | 0.047 | 1.35 | ||||||||||
W16-2 | 0.041 | 1.05 | ||||||||||
W17 | 0.028 | 0.40 | ||||||||||
W17-2 | 0.049 | 1.45 | ||||||||||
W18 | 0.060 | 2.00 | ||||||||||
W18-2 | 0.040 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
W19-2 | 0.058 | 1.90 | ||||||||||
W21 | 0.034 | 0.70 | ||||||||||
W21-2 | 0.024 | 0.20 | ||||||||||
W22 | 0.037 | 0.85 | ||||||||||
BJW1 | 0.041 | 1.05 | ||||||||||
BJW2 | 0.048 | 1.40 |
10 | 亚硝酸盐氮 | 0.067 | 0.021~5.95 | 32 | 17 | 53.12% | 1.00 | 4 | 12.50% | W5 | 1.63 | 0.63 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W8 | 1.10 | 0.10 | ||||||||||
W9-2 | 1.06 | 0.06 | ||||||||||
W15 | 5.95 | 4.95 | ||||||||||
11 | 硝酸盐氮 | 0.088~0.145 | 0.057~49.2 | 32 | 30 | 93.75% | 20.0 | 2 | 6.25% | W12 | 49.2 | 1.46 |
W14 | 30.8 | 0.54 | ||||||||||
12 | 总磷 | 0.03~12.7 | 0.03~105 | 32 | 32 | 100% | 0.2 | 19 | 59.38% | W2 | 83.1 | 414.50 |
W2-2 | 105 | 524.00 | ||||||||||
W3 | 16.9 | 83.50 | ||||||||||
W3-2 | 3.88 | 18.40 | ||||||||||
W5 | 7.43 | 36.15 | ||||||||||
W6 | 17.9 | 88.50 | ||||||||||
W7 | 35.9 | 178.50 | ||||||||||
W8 | 0.56 | 1.80 | ||||||||||
W9-2 | 28.6 | 142.00 | ||||||||||
W10 | 0.86 | 3.30 | ||||||||||
W11 | 10.3 | 50.50 | ||||||||||
W13 | 14.9 | 73.50 | ||||||||||
W16-2 | 1.86 | 8.30 | ||||||||||
W18-2 | 13.6 | 67.00 | ||||||||||
W19 | 0.66 | 2.30 | ||||||||||
W20 | 9.71 | 47.55 | ||||||||||
W21 | 3.43 | 16.15 | ||||||||||
W21-2 | 7.98 | 38.90 | ||||||||||
BJW2 | 12.7 | 62.50 | ||||||||||
重金属(单位:mg/L) | ||||||||||||
13 | 铜 | <0.04 | 0.13~131 | 32 | 3 | 9.38% | 1.00 | 1 | 3.13% | W15 | 131 | 130.00 |
14 | 砷 | <0.0003 | 0.0006~0.0167 | 32 | 17 | 53.12% | 0.01 | 1 | 3.13% | W7 | 0.0167 | 0.67 |
15 | 镉 | <0.00005 | 0.00006~0.262 | 32 | 18 | 56.25% | 0.005 | 2 | 6.25% | W15 | 0.262 | 51.40 |
W16 | 0.00963 | 0.93 | ||||||||||
16 | 铅 | 0.0001 | 0.00012~0.505 | 32 | 20 | 62.50% | 0.01 | 6 | 18.75% | W2 | 0.0148 | 0.48 |
W2-2 | 0.0166 | 0.66 | ||||||||||
W12 | 0.505 | 49.50 | ||||||||||
W15 | 0.0136 | 0.36 | ||||||||||
W16 | 0.0352 | 2.52 | ||||||||||
W20 | 0.0545 | 4.45 |
17 | 镍 | <0.007 | 0.007~1.97 | 32 | 14 | 43.75% | 0.02 | 11 | 34.38% | W1 | 0.030 | 0.50 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W3-2 | 0.094 | 3.70 | ||||||||||
W5 | 0.064 | 2.20 | ||||||||||
W7 | 0.082 | 3.10 | ||||||||||
W11 | 0.022 | 0.10 | ||||||||||
W12 | 0.053 | 1.65 | ||||||||||
W15 | 1.97 | 97.50 | ||||||||||
W16 | 0.216 | 9.80 | ||||||||||
W20 | 0.044 | 1.20 | ||||||||||
W21 | 0.080 | 3.00 | ||||||||||
W21-2 | 0.116 | 4.80 | ||||||||||
挥发性有机物(单位:μg/L) | ||||||||||||
18 | 氯仿 | 4.3~4.4 | 3.8~36.3 | 32 | 12 | 37.50% | 60 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
19 | 四氯化碳 | <1.5 | 18.1~113 | 32 | 2 | 6.25% | 2.0 | 2 | 6.25% | W3-2 | 18.1 | 8.05 |
W12 | 113 | 55.50 | ||||||||||
20 | 苯 | <1.4 | 1.7~6.3 | 32 | 6 | 18.75% | 10.0 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
21 | 甲苯 | <1.4 | 2.1~72,800 | 32 | 11 | 34.38% | 700 | 1 | 3.13% | W3-2 | 72,800 | 103.00 |
22 | 二氯甲烷 | <1.0 | 3.7~42,000 | 32 | 6 | 18.75% | 20 | 3 | 9.38% | W5 | 42,000 | 2099.00 |
W16-2 | 30.5 | 0.53 | ||||||||||
W21-2 | 61.9 | 2.10 | ||||||||||
23 | 1,2-二氯乙烷 | <1.4 | 1.8~2.7 | 32 | 3 | 9.38% | 30.0 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
24 | 1,2-二氯丙烷 | <1.2 | 4.7~30.6 | 32 | 4 | 12.50% | 5.0 | 3 | 9.38% | W3-2 | 30.6 | 5.12 |
W4 | 11.3 | 1.26 | ||||||||||
W5 | 5.1 | 0.02 | ||||||||||
25 | 1,1-二氯乙烯 | <1.2 | 8 | 32 | 1 | 3.13% | 30.0 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
26 | 顺-1,2-二氯乙烯 | <1.2 | 5.7 | 32 | 1 | 3.13% | 50.0 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
27 | 三氯乙烯 | <1.2 | 8.7 | 32 | 1 | 3.13% | 70.0 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
28 | 四氯乙烯 | <1.2 | 9.1 | 32 | 1 | 3.13% | 40.0 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
29 | 氯苯 | <1.0 | 1.2~9130 | 32 | 13 | 40.62% | 300 | 1 | 3.13% | W16 | 9130 | 29.43 |
30 | 邻二甲苯 | <1.4 | 124~243 | 32 | 2 | 6.25% | 500 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
间二甲苯 | <2.2 | 5.3 | 32 | 1 | 3.13% | 0 | 0% | / | / | / | ||
31 | 乙苯 | <0.8 | 3.3~15.6 | 32 | 2 | 6.25% | 300 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
32 | 1,2-二氯苯 | <0.8 | 1.1~13.7 | 32 | 7 | 21.88% | 1000 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
33 | 苯乙烯 | <0.6 | 1.4~4.1 | 32 | 2 | 6.25% | 20.0 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
34 | 氯甲烷 | <0.65 | 25.9~156 | 32 | 2 | 6.25% | 190 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
35 | 1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷 | <1.1 | 7.9 | 32 | 1 | 3.13% | 600 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
36 | 1,2,4-三甲基苯 | <0.8 | 3.9~5.3 | 32 | 4 | 12.50% | 15 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
37 | 1,3,5-三甲基苯 | <0.7 | 3.8~347 | 32 | 7 | 21.88% | 120 | 2 | 6.25% | W17 | 347 | 1.89 |
W17-2 | 338 | 1.82 | ||||||||||
38 | 2-氯甲苯 | <1.0 | 11.1 | 32 | 1 | 3.13% | 240 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
39 | 4-氯甲苯 | <0.9 | 14.6 | 32 | 1 | 3.13% | 250 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
半挥发性有机物(单位:μg/L) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
40 | 萘 | 0.055 | 0.127~8.38 | 32 | 8 | 25.00% | 100 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
41 | 荧蒽 | <0.005 | 0.076~1.7 | 32 | 5 | 15.62% | 240 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
42 | 苯并[b]荧蒽 | <0.004 | 0.169 | 32 | 1 | 3.13% | 4.0 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
43 | 2,4,6-三氯酚 | <1.2 | 16.7~19.7 | 32 | 2 | 6.25% | 200 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
44 | 2-氯酚 | <1.1 | 12.3~36.7 | 32 | 4 | 12.50% | 2200 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
45 | 苯并[a]蒽 | <0.012 | 0.21 | 32 | 1 | 3.13% | 4.80 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
46 | 苯并[k]荧蒽 | <0.004 | 0.661~1.54 | 32 | 2 | 6.25% | 48 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
47 | 䓛 | <0.005 | 0.15 | 32 | 1 | 3.13% | 480 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
48 | 二苯并[a,h]蒽 | <0.003 | 0.04 | 32 | 1 | 3.13% | 0.48 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
49 | 4-甲基苯酚 | <2.0 | 2.2~50.5 | 32 | 2 | 6.25% | 1900 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
50 | 2,4-二氯酚 | <1.1 | 28.6~120 | 32 | 3 | 9.38% | 1300 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
51 | 2-甲基萘 | <1.6 | 3.3 | 32 | 1 | 3.13% | 36 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
52 | 芘 | <0.016 | 0.153~0.338 | 32 | 2 | 6.25% | 120 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
53 | 邻苯二甲酸二丁酯 | <4.0 | 2.5~10.6 | 32 | 3 | 9.38% | 900 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
54 | 4-氯苯胺 | <1.8 | 3.7~38.9 | 32 | 3 | 9.38% | 0.37 | 3 | 9.38% | W3-2 | 3.70 | 9.00 |
W9 | 37.8 | 101.16 | ||||||||||
W18-2 | 38.9 | 104.14 | ||||||||||
55 | 4-硝基苯胺 | <1.8 | 4.2~11.5 | 32 | 2 | 6.25% | 3.8 | 2 | 6.25% | W3-2 | 4.2 | 0.10 |
W9 | 11.5 | 2.03 | ||||||||||
56 | 2,4-二硝基苯酚 | <3.4 | 65.8~69.1 | 32 | 2 | 6.25% | 900 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
57 | 菲 | 0.510 | 0.154~1.24 | 32 | 4 | 12.50% | 5 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
有机农药类及其他特征污染物(单位:μg/L) | ||||||||||||
58 | 草甘膦 | 2.0 | 2.0~16,500 | 32 | 24 | 75.00% | 700 | 7 | 21.88% | W2 | 2260 | 2.23 |
W2-2 | 3280 | 3.69 | ||||||||||
W6 | 3240 | 3.63 | ||||||||||
W7 | 3040 | 3.34 | ||||||||||
W9-2 | 16,500 | 22.57 | ||||||||||
W11 | 1390 | 0.99 | ||||||||||
W13 | 6070 | 7.67 | ||||||||||
59 | 敌草隆* | <0.02 | 2.95~255 | 32 | 8 | 25.00% | 36 | 4 | 12.50% | W8 | 53.4 | 0.48 |
W14 | 225 | 5.25 | ||||||||||
W21 | 154 | 3.28 | ||||||||||
W21-2 | 157 | 3.36 | ||||||||||
其他(单位:mg/L) | ||||||||||||
60 | 石油类 | 0.03 | 0.02~0.04 | 32 | 32 | 100% | 0.05 | 0 | 0% | / | / | / |
表3. 地下水监测指标超标情况
注:/为未超标。
土壤单因子指数和内梅罗指数评价选取四氯化碳、α-六六六、狄氏剂、p,p'-滴滴涕、氯仿和毒杀芬六个有机物评价因子。根据式(1)和(2)计算得到的土壤样品检测因子的单因子指数和内梅罗指数结果见表4。未在表中的点位污染水平为清洁。单因子指数评价结果表明,毒杀芬污染最严重,S38 (0.5~1.0 m)点位的土壤单因子指数Pi达到4562.50,位于北部循环水池北侧。S18点位(盐酸精制车间)和S61点位(三氯化磷贮罐位置)的毒杀芬单因子指数分别为20.60和50.13。p,p'-滴滴涕单因子指数在S18达到20.60。四氯化碳在S10点位(双氧水贮罐区),土样深度为7.0~7.5 m时,单因子指数Pi达到8.86,为重度污染。四氯化碳S15点位(异丙胺盐车间)达到中度污染,S16 (二甲胺贮罐)和S31点位(二乙醇胺贮罐区)达到轻度污染。α-六六六,狄氏剂为轻度污染。内梅罗综合污染指数评价结果可知,S38、S18、S61和S10点位的综合有机物污染指数为3270.69、69.90、35.96和4.05,为重度污染。S15、S16和S22点位的有机物污染等级为轻污染,表明土壤已经开始受到污染。土壤超标点位8个,主要沿地块四周分布,与地下水总体流向由地块中部向四周流动一致。地块内曾承载过我国早期计划经济时代典型代表六六六、滴滴涕、毒杀芬等有机氯类农药的生产经营活动,难免跑冒滴漏随大气降水渗入土壤环境。
点位 | 污染物单因子指数Pi | 内梅罗指数PN | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
四氯化碳 | α-六六六 | 狄氏剂 | p,p'-滴滴涕 | 氯仿 | 毒杀芬 | ||
S10 | 5.58 | / | 0.18 | / | 0.9 | 1.0 | 4.05 |
S15 | 2.11 | / | 0.18 | / | 0.75 | / | 1.53 |
S16 | 1.13 | 1.4 | 1.73 | / | 0.005 | / | 1.32 |
S18 | 0.002 | / | 0.18 | 20.60 | 0.26 | 96.88 | 69.90 |
S22 | 0.06 | / | 0.18 | / | 2.21 | 1.59 | |
S31 | 1.03 | / | 0.18 | / | 0.002 | 0.74 | |
S38 | 0.54 | / | 0.18 | / | 0.002 | 4562.50 | 3270.69 |
S61 | 0.37 | / | 0.18 | / | 0.88 | 50.13 | 35.96 |
表4. 土壤部分监测因子评价结果
注:/为未检出。
根据式(1)计算得到的地下水样各检测因子的单因子指数和内梅罗污染指数见表5。W7 (草甘膦车间)、W5、W3-2 (草甘膦缩合车间,深井)、W17-2 (双氧水车间,深井)、W17点位(双氧水车间,浅井)挥发性酚类单因子指数Pi为108.5、98、96、50.5和15.2,污染严重。W5点位(硫酸亚铁车间)的二氯甲烷单因子指数达到2100,污染严重。草甘磷检出率高,在W9-2点位(制氮制氧车间东侧,深井)中Pi达到23.58。甲苯在W3-2点位处,Pi为104,达到严重污染。四氯化碳在W3-2和W12点位(气流破碎车间) Pi为18.1和40.36,污染严重。1,2-二氯丙烷在W3-2点位,Pi为6.12,污染严重。4-氯苯胺在W3-2、W9和W18-2 (污泥浓缩池北侧)点位,Pi为10、102.16和105.14,污染严重。4-硝基苯胺在W3-2和W9,Pi为3.12,污染严重。敌草隆在W14 Pi为6.24,污染严重。氯苯检出率高,W16 (烘干车间)点位的Pi为30.43。1,3,5-三甲基苯在W17和W17-2点位为中度污染。4-硝基苯胺在W3-2点位为中度污染,在W9点位为严重污染。内梅罗综合指数PN表明,W3-2、W5、W6、W7、W9、W9-2、W12、W13、W14、W16、W16-2、W17、W17-2、W18-2、W19、W21和W21-2点位有机物污染严重,PN均大于3,其中,W5的PN达到1490.57。W2为中度污染,W4、W8、W11和W22点位为轻度污染。该地块厂区西侧仓库区域地下水流向大致为自东向西,厂区内地下水流向大致为自西向东流,即地下水总体流向由地块中部向四周流动,依次以向东与向西流动水力梯度较大,为地下水主要流动方向,向东往低洼地和应急水池区域流动。地下水超标点位19个,仅西北角成品仓库1个点位未超标。草甘膦、乙酰氯、敌草隆、光气等生产过程中产生的离心废水、沉淀废水、碱洗废水、洗涤废水车间卫生废水及精馏尾气、乙酰化尾气、烘干尾气、氢化尾气等都成为污染来源。这些污染物质均属极难降解高毒有机氯类农药,半衰期长,结构稳定,残留期长,同时含氯有机物、甲苯难溶于水甚至不溶于水,致使地块内遭受较大程度的污染。固废的磷渣类物质虽然固废仓库,地面为混凝土硬化,未发生泄漏事故,但不排除“跑冒滴漏”对土壤和地下水的污染。
点位 | 污染物单因子指数Pi | 内梅罗 指数PN | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
挥发性酚 | 二氯甲烷 | 草甘膦 | 甲苯 | 四氯化碳 | 1,2-二氯丙烷 | 4-氯苯胺 | 4-硝基 苯胺 | 敌草隆 | 氯苯 | 1,3,5-三甲基苯 | ||
W2 | 0.06 | / | 3.23 | 0.15 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | 2.29 |
W2-2 | 1.3 | / | 4.69 | 0.38 | / | 0.94 | / | / | / | / | / | 3.34 |
W3-2 | 96 | / | 0.85 | 104 | 18.1 | 6.12 | 10 | 1.10 | / | 0.04 | / | 74.86 |
W4 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.56 | 0.57 | / | 2.26 | / | / | / | / | / | 1.61 |
W5 | 98 | 2100 | 0.85 | 0.003 | / | 1.02 | / | / | / | 0.04 | / | 1490.57 |
W6 | 2.55 | 0.19 | 4.63 | 0.003 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | 3.30 |
W7 | 108.5 | 0.19 | 4.34 | 0.003 | / | / | / | / | 0.08 | 0.04 | / | 77.01 |
W8 | 0.19 | / | 0.98 | / | / | / | / | / | 1.48 | / | / | 1.06 |
W9 | 22.85 | / | 0.78 | / | / | / | 102.16 | 3.12 | / | / | / | 72.66 |
W9-2 | 1.3 | / | 23.58 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | 16.74 |
W11 | 0.54 | / | 1.99 | 0.003 | / | / | / | / | / | 0.05 | / | 1.42 |
W12 | 0.06 | / | 0.003 | 0.68 | 40.36 | / | / | / | / | 0.05 | / | 28.64 |
W13 | 20.7 | / | 8.68 | 0.003 | / | / | / | / | / | 0.90 | / | 14.75 |
W14 | 61 | / | 0.002 | / | / | / | / | / | 6.24 | 0.95 | 0.03 | 43.32 |
W16 | 62 | / | 0.002 | / | / | / | / | / | / | 30.43 | 0.90 | 44.18 |
W16-2 | 15.15 | 1.53 | 0.002 | / | / | / | / | / | / | 0.90 | 0.85 | 10.77 |
W17 | 15.2 | / | 0.002 | 0.003 | / | / | / | / | / | 0.90 | 2.89 | 10.81 |
W17-2 | 50.5 | / | 0.004 | / | / | / | / | / | / | 0.85 | 2.82 | 35.85 |
W18-2 | 0.85 | / | 0.56 | / | / | / | 105.14 | / | / | 0.25 | 0.56 | 74.61 |
W19 | 271 | / | 0.15 | / | / | / | / | / | 0.87 | / | 0.43 | 192.30 |
W20 | 1.25 | / | 0.002 | / | / | / | / | / | 0.95 | / | / | 0.89 |
W21 | 3.45 | / | 0.002 | / | / | / | / | / | 36.08 | / | / | 25.62 |
W21-2 | 1.15 | 3.10 | 0.002 | / | / | / | / | / | 4.35 | / | / | 3.12 |
W22 | 2.2 | / | 0.002 | / | / | / | / | / | / | 0.04 | / | 1.56 |
表5. 地下水部分监测因子评价结果
注:/为未检出。
随着社会经济的发展,土壤和地下水的污染日趋严重,因此,改善土壤及地下水污染状况已迫在眉睫,而采用合理的评价方法,合适准确地反映土壤和地下水质量,是解决这一问题的基础。目前土壤和地下水污染评价的大部分文献研究了地块的重金属污染评价。少量的研究有机物污染评价文献中由于各种因素制约,对地块和地下水中的有机物指标选择也非常有限。本研究以华东地区中部某废弃农药用地为研究对象,采用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合指数法进行土壤和地下水污染,根据GB36600-2018和HJ25.1-2019提供的参数标准,对土壤检测项目达到98项,地下水检测项目100项。
土壤和地下水中有机物的单因子指数法和内梅罗综合指数法表明,该农药厂土壤地块受到了不同程度的污染,污染严重的区域分布在地块四周,与地下水总体流向由地块中部向四周流动一致。地块的五十多年的化工农药生产经营、污染物处理处置等活动,是造成土壤超标的主因,特别是早期生产的六六六、滴滴涕和毒杀芬等有机氯农药的生产经营活动,均属极难降解高毒有机氯农药,随大气降水渗入土壤环境,这些有机物不溶于水、半衰期长和残留期长,致使地块内遭受较大程度污染。建议尽快进行建设用地风险评估工作,进一步明确污染范围及深度,早日采取相应的风险管控和修复措施,避免污染物进一步扩散,切实使地块内外土壤和地下水环境质量得以有效改善。
浙江省自然科学基金基础公益研究项目(LGF20B070004)资助。
徐彦龙,史学儒,彭安琪,梅 瑜,吕伯昇. 废弃农药用地土壤和地下水污染与评价 Investigation and Assessment of Pollution Situation of Soil and Groundwater in Abandoned Pesticides Sites[J]. 土壤科学, 2021, 09(03): 106-123. https://doi.org/10.12677/HJSS.2021.93014