铁(Fe)是人体必需的微量元素,通过富铁品种选育和铁肥施用技术提高农产品的铁含量,是解决缺铁而引起疾病的一种有效方法。水稻作为生产最可靠、效率最高、食用最方便的粮食作物,提高稻米尤其是精米的铁含量具有重要意义。本研究以硫酸亚铁为铁源,配合施用磷酸二氢钾和尿素叶面肥,通过小区试验筛选出最佳铁肥浓度,以期为富铁稻米生产提供科学依据。结果表明:1) 铁肥与氮磷钾叶面肥配施能显著提高稻米铁含量,其中:精米处理较对照提高68.08%,糙米处理较对照提高50.58%。2) 各处理间精米铁含量差异显著(P < 0.05,下同),以3%硫酸亚铁早施的富铁效果最好。3) 早施(扬花前7天左右)的富铁效果显著优于迟施(扬花后3天左右)。早施的三个处理组合精米铁含量达6.01~6.87 mg/kg,迟施的三个处理组合精米铁含量为4.73~5.68 mg/kg,平均精米铁含量早施较迟施提高21.5%,差异达显著水平(t = 0.007)。4) 精米铁含量与糙米铁含量比值平均为84%,处理较对照提高9个百分点,说明该方法促进了铁元素向胚乳的转运与积累。5) 铁肥与氮磷钾叶面肥配施能显著提高水稻产量,以2%硫酸亚铁早施的增产效果最好。 Iron (Fe) is an essential trace element for human body. Improving the iron content of agricultural products through iron rich variety breeding and iron fertilizer application technology is an effective method to solve the diseases caused by iron deficiency. Rice is the most reliable, efficient and convenient food crop. It is of great significance to improve the iron content of rice, especially milled rice. In this study, ferrous sulfate was used as iron source, combined with potassium dihydrogen phosphate and urea leaf fertilizer. The best concentration of iron fertilizer was selected through plot test, in order to provide scientific basis for iron rich rice production. The results showed that: 1) the combined application of iron fertilizer and NPK leaf fertilizer could significantly improve the iron content of rice. Among them, the iron content of milled rice treatment was 68.08% higher than that of the control, and that of brown rice treatment was 50.58% higher than that of the control. 2) There was significant difference in iron content of milled rice among treatments (P < 0.05, the same below). The effect of early application of 3% ferrous sulfate was the best. 3) The iron enrichment effect of early application (about 7 days before flowering) was significantly better than that of late application (about 3 days after flowering). The iron content of milled rice of the three combinations of early application was 6.01~6.87 mg/kg, and that of the three combinations of late application was 4.73~5.68 mg/kg. The average iron content of milled rice increased by 21.5% compared with that of late application (t = 0.007). 4) The average ratio of iron content in milled rice to that in brown rice was 84%, which was 9% higher than that in the control, indicating that this method promoted the transport and accumulation of iron to endosperm. 5) The combined application of iron fertilizer and NPK leaf fertilizer can significantly improve rice yield, and the early application of 2% ferrous sulfate has the best effect.
铁(Fe)是人体必需的微量元素,通过富铁品种选育和铁肥施用技术提高农产品的铁含量,是解决缺铁而引起疾病的一种有效方法。水稻作为生产最可靠、效率最高、食用最方便的粮食作物,提高稻米尤其是精米的铁含量具有重要意义。本研究以硫酸亚铁为铁源,配合施用磷酸二氢钾和尿素叶面肥,通过小区试验筛选出最佳铁肥浓度,以期为富铁稻米生产提供科学依据。结果表明:1) 铁肥与氮磷钾叶面肥配施能显著提高稻米铁含量,其中:精米处理较对照提高68.08%,糙米处理较对照提高50.58%。2) 各处理间精米铁含量差异显著(P < 0.05,下同),以3%硫酸亚铁早施的富铁效果最好。3) 早施(扬花前7天左右)的富铁效果显著优于迟施(扬花后3天左右)。早施的三个处理组合精米铁含量达6.01~6.87 mg/kg,迟施的三个处理组合精米铁含量为4.73~5.68 mg/kg,平均精米铁含量早施较迟施提高21.5%,差异达显著水平(t = 0.007)。4) 精米铁含量与糙米铁含量比值平均为84%,处理较对照提高9个百分点,说明该方法促进了铁元素向胚乳的转运与积累。5) 铁肥与氮磷钾叶面肥配施能显著提高水稻产量,以2%硫酸亚铁早施的增产效果最好。
水稻,硫酸亚铁,氮磷钾叶面肥,精米,铁积累
Min Kang1, Jianhua Gong1*, Jianhong Deng2, Bin Wen1, Yawen Deng1
1Zhuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zhuzhou Hunan
2Zhuzhou Xiangzhiyou Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou Hunan
Received: Oct. 23rd, 2021; accepted: Nov. 19th, 2021; published: Nov. 26th, 2021
Iron (Fe) is an essential trace element for human body. Improving the iron content of agricultural products through iron rich variety breeding and iron fertilizer application technology is an effective method to solve the diseases caused by iron deficiency. Rice is the most reliable, efficient and convenient food crop. It is of great significance to improve the iron content of rice, especially milled rice. In this study, ferrous sulfate was used as iron source, combined with potassium dihydrogen phosphate and urea leaf fertilizer. The best concentration of iron fertilizer was selected through plot test, in order to provide scientific basis for iron rich rice production. The results showed that: 1) the combined application of iron fertilizer and NPK leaf fertilizer could significantly improve the iron content of rice. Among them, the iron content of milled rice treatment was 68.08% higher than that of the control, and that of brown rice treatment was 50.58% higher than that of the control. 2) There was significant difference in iron content of milled rice among treatments (P < 0.05, the same below). The effect of early application of 3% ferrous sulfate was the best. 3) The iron enrichment effect of early application (about 7 days before flowering) was significantly better than that of late application (about 3 days after flowering). The iron content of milled rice of the three combinations of early application was 6.01~6.87 mg/kg, and that of the three combinations of late application was 4.73~5.68 mg/kg. The average iron content of milled rice increased by 21.5% compared with that of late application (t = 0.007). 4) The average ratio of iron content in milled rice to that in brown rice was 84%, which was 9% higher than that in the control, indicating that this method promoted the transport and accumulation of iron to endosperm. 5) The combined application of iron fertilizer and NPK leaf fertilizer can significantly improve rice yield, and the early application of 2% ferrous sulfate has the best effect.
Keywords:Rice, Ferrous Sulfate, NPK Leaf Fertilizer, Milled Rice, Iron Accumulation
Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.
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铁(Fe)是人体必需微量元素。铁在人体必需微量元素中含量是最高的,它参与人体内血红蛋白、肌红蛋白、细胞色素、含铁酶的合成,关系着肌体细胞氧和二氧化碳的运输与交换 [
俄胜哲等 [
本研究以长粒型优质稻品种巴期马蒂、浓香32、浓香18、黄华粘和黑糯稻为研究对象,从水稻各营养离子互作效应和水稻生育期间铁素营养吸收速率变化规律入手,在水稻生长发育的特定时期配施不同浓度的硫酸亚铁、磷酸二氢钾和尿素等叶面肥,以期提高稻米胚乳铁含量,为富铁稻米生产提供科学依据。
供试品种:BASMATI RICE (巴斯马蒂)、浓香32、浓香18、黄华粘和黑糯稻。
供试铁肥:FeSO4·7H2O (硫酸亚铁,Fe含量为20.1%,分析纯)。
小区试验:试验土壤为壤土,前作为水稻,土壤铁含量为209.9 mg/kg。水稻品种为巴斯马蒂,于2019年6月25号播种,7月20号移栽。栽培密度为25 cm × 28 cm,每小区栽200株,小区面积14 m2,试验设硫酸亚铁浓度(A)和施用时期(B)两个因素,A因素设2% (A1)、3% (A2)、4% (A3)三个水平,B因素设早施(B1)与迟施(B2)两个水平,以不施硫酸亚铁为对照(表1)。随机区组设计,三次重复,区组间设1 m宽的隔离行,同一区组的小区间间隔50 cm。各处理第一次喷施时配施0.5%尿素,第二次喷施时配施1%磷酸二氢钾;且先喷施硫酸亚铁,1~2小时后再喷施磷酸二氢钾,二者不可混合施用。各处理用水量:第一次按30 kg/亩、第二次为37.5 kg/亩的标准计算。
编号 | 处理 | 施肥时间 | |
---|---|---|---|
A1B1 | 2%硫酸亚铁 + 0.5%尿素 | 早 | 8月19日、8月28日 |
A1B2 | 2%硫酸亚铁 + 1%磷酸二氢钾 | 迟 | 8月28日、9月5日 |
A2B1 | 3%硫酸亚铁 + 0.5%尿素 | 早 | 8月19日、8月28日 |
A2B2 | 3%硫酸亚铁 + 1%磷酸二氢钾 | 迟 | 8月28日、9月5日 |
A3B1 | 4%硫酸亚铁 + 0.5%尿素 | 早 | 8月19日、8月28日 |
A3B2 | 4%硫酸亚铁 + 1%磷酸二氢钾 | 迟 | 8月28日、9月5日 |
表1. 铁肥与氮磷钾叶面肥配施小区试验设计表
生产试验:在醴陵市枫林镇隆兴坳村开展水稻富铁大田生产试验20亩,试验品种为浓香32、浓香18和黑糯稻,土壤铁含量为173.45 mg/kg。在芦淞区白关镇楠木山村开展富铁大田生产试验20亩,试验品种为黄华粘,土壤铁含量为276 mg/kg。硫酸亚铁浓度为4%,施用时期为齐穗期和灌浆初期,第一次喷施时配施0.5%尿素,第二次喷施时配施1%磷酸二氢钾。第一次用水量为30 kg/亩、第二次为37.5 kg/亩。对照区面积1亩左右。
小区试验:水稻收割时,按小区测产与取样,单个谷样重1 kg。检测糙米与精米的铁含量。
生产试验:水稻收割时,分品种进行田间5点取样,单个谷样重1 kg。检测精米铁含量。
试验数据采用Excel 2003进行数据整理和方差分析,采用Excel的TDIST函数进行多重比较(LSD),采用t检验法判断处理稻谷产量、稻米铁含量与对照的差异程度。
试验表明(表2),铁肥与氮磷钾叶面肥配施对水稻具有一定的增产作用,处理较对照平均增产10.07%。早施的三个处理增产达14.58%~16.67%,迟施的三个处理增产为3.31%~6.25%,早施显著高于迟施(t = 0.022)。但无论早施或迟施,以硫酸亚铁浓度2%时的增产效果最好。
处理 | Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | 平均 | 较对照±% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1B1 | 9.50 | 8.75 | 9.75 | 9.33 | 16.67 |
A1B2 | 8.75 | 7.75 | 9.00 | 8.50 | 6.25 |
A2B1 | 9.25 | 9.00 | 9.25 | 9.17 | 14.58 |
A2B2 | 7.75 | 8.75 | 8.75 | 8.42 | 5.21 |
A3B1 | 8.75 | 9.75 | 9.00 | 9.17 | 14.58 |
A3B2 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.75 | 8.25 | 3.13 |
CK | 8.00 | 7.50 | 8.50 | 8.00 |
表2. 铁肥与氮磷钾叶面肥配施小区试验产量表(kg/小区)
方差分析表明(表3),铁肥与氮磷钾叶面肥配施产量各处理间差异显著(P < 0.05,下同)。其中:各浓度硫酸亚铁早施均极显著高于对照(P < 0.01,下同)、显著高于4%硫酸亚铁迟施;2%硫酸亚铁早施,显著高于2%、3%硫酸亚铁迟施,但与3%、4%硫酸亚铁早施之间无统计学意义(表4)。
变异来源 | DF | SS | MS | F |
---|---|---|---|---|
区组 | 2 | 1.024 | 0.512 | 2.440 |
处理 | 6 | 4.946 | 0.824 | 3.929* |
误差 | 12 | 2.518 | 0.210 | |
总变异 | 20 | 8.488 |
表3. 铁肥与氮磷钾叶面肥配施小区产量方差分析表
注:**表示方差分析达极显著水平(P < 0.01),*表示方差分析达显著水平(P < 0.05),下同。
处理 | 小区产量 (mg/小区) | A1B1 | A2B1 | A3B1 | A1B2 | A2B2 | A3B2 | CK |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
9.33 | 9.17 | 9.17 | 8.50 | 8.42 | 8.25 | 8.00 | ||
CK | 8.00 | 0.0039 | 0.0088 | 0.0089 | 0.2061 | 0.2871 | 0.5165 | |
A3B2 | 8.25 | 0.0134 | 0.0303 | 0.0305 | 0.5165 | 0.6638 | ||
A2B2 | 8.42 | 0.0305 | 0.0676 | 0.0680 | 0.8274 | |||
A1B2 | 8.50 | 0.0458 | 0.0994 | 0.1000 | ||||
A3B1 | 9.17 | 0.6638 | 0.9972 | |||||
A2B1 | 9.17 | 0.6663 | ||||||
A1B1 | 9.33 |
表4. 铁肥与氮磷钾叶面肥配施小区产量多重比较表
试验表明(表5、表6),水稻铁肥与氮磷钾叶面肥配施能显著提高稻米铁含量,其中:精米处理较对照平均提高68.08%,糙米处理较对照平均提高50.58%。早施的三个处理组合精米铁含量达6.01~6.87 mg/kg,迟施的三个处理组合精米铁含量为4.73~5.68 mg/kg,平均精米铁含量早施较迟施提高21.5%,差异达显著水平(t = 0.007)。早施的三个处理组合糙米铁含量达7.02~7.56 mg/kg,迟施的三个处理组合糙米铁含量为5.80~7.49 mg/kg,平均糙米铁含量早施较迟施提高13.83%,但差异未达显著水平(t = 0.465)。
处理 | Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | 平均 | 较对照±% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1B1 | 6.8 | 4.84 | 6.39 | 6.01 | 75.73 |
A1B2 | 4.68 | 7.18 | 5.18 | 5.68 | 66.08 |
A2B1 | 6.9 | 5.48 | 8.22 | 6.87 | 100.88 |
A2B2 | 6.2 | 4.32 | 4.95 | 5.16 | 50.88 |
A3B1 | 5.38 | 7.4 | 5.33 | 6.04 | 76.61 |
A3B2 | 4.61 | 4.11 | 5.47 | 4.73 | 38.3 |
CK | 3.58 | 3.57 | 3.1 | 3.42 |
表5. 铁肥与氮磷钾叶面肥配施小区试验精米铁含量表(mg/kg)
处理 | Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | 平均 | 较对照±% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1B1 | 7.40 | 7.12 | 6.54 | 7.02 | 53.28 |
A1B2 | 4.10 | 6.46 | 7.63 | 6.06 | 32.31 |
A2B1 | 5.44 | 7.44 | 9.46 | 7.45 | 62.66 |
A2B2 | 6.23 | 5.83 | 10.40 | 7.49 | 63.54 |
A3B1 | 5.40 | 8.57 | 8.71 | 7.56 | 65.07 |
A3B2 | 5.94 | 4.79 | 6.67 | 5.80 | 26.64 |
CK | 4.97 | 4.40 | 4.36 | 4.58 |
表6. 铁肥与氮磷钾叶面肥配施小区试验糙米铁含量表(mg/kg)
方差分析表明(表7),各处理间精米铁含量差异显著,但糙米铁含量无统计学意义,表明铁氮磷钾配施主要是促进了铁元素向胚乳的转运与积累。多重比较表明(表8),3%硫酸亚铁早施的精米铁含量极显著高于对照、显著高于4%硫酸亚铁迟施;4%硫酸亚铁早施、2%硫酸亚铁早施或迟施,均显著高于对照。
变异来源 | DF | SS | MS | F |
---|---|---|---|---|
区组 | 2 | 0.23 | 0.12 | 0.090 |
处理 | 6 | 22.34 | 3.72 | 3.003* |
误差 | 12 | 14.88 | 1.24 | |
总变异 | 20 | 8.488 |
表7. 铁肥与氮磷钾叶面肥配施精米铁含量方差分析表
处理 | 精米铁含量(mg/kg) | A2B1 | A3B1 | A1B1 | A1B2 | A2B2 | A3B2 | CK |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6.87 | 6.04 | 6.01 | 5.68 | 5.16 | 4.73 | 3.42 | ||
CK | 3.42 | 0.003 | 0.014 | 0.015 | 0.028 | 0.080 | 0.174 | |
A3B2 | 4.73 | 0.037 | 0.176 | 0.185 | 0.317 | 0.647 | ||
A2B2 | 5.16 | 0.084 | 0.352 | 0.366 | 0.576 | |||
A1B2 | 5.68 | 0.216 | 0.702 | 0.723 | ||||
A1B1 | 6.01 | 0.365 | 0.977 | |||||
A3B1 | 6.04 | 0.379 | ||||||
A2B1 | 6.87 |
表8. 铁肥与氮磷钾叶面肥配施精米铁含量多重比较表
生产试验表明,水稻不同品种籽粒的富铁效果存在较大差异,与蒋彬的研究一致 [
不同水稻品种对外源补铁的增效作用存在较大差异。在水稻齐穗期和灌浆初期喷施“4%硫酸亚铁 + NPK”2次,施肥效果最好的是黄华粘,处理较对照提高30.88%;其次是浓香32,处理较对照提高13.95%,而浓香18和黑糯稻的增效甚微。
水稻是我国重要的粮食作物,选育富铁水稻品种、研究和推广水稻富铁技术是提高稻米铁含量的主要途径。本研究表明,通过铁肥与氮磷钾配施技术,能显著提高稻米铁含量和稻谷产量,精米铁含量与糙米铁含量比值达到84%,较对照提高了9个百分点,说明该方法促进了铁元素向胚乳的转运与积累。鉴于稻米商品性要求,通常是加工成精米进入市场,因此,有效提高稻米胚乳的铁含量显得十分重要。
水稻采用铁肥与氮磷钾配施技术,无论精米铁含量还是产量,早施(扬花前7天左右)显著优于迟施(扬花后3天左右)。对提高稻米铁含量而言,以3%硫酸亚铁早施的富铁效果最好;对提高水稻产量来说,以2%硫酸亚铁早施的增产效果最佳。
康 敏,龚建华,邓建红,文 斌,邓雅文. 铁肥与氮磷钾配施对水稻籽粒铁积累的影响Effects on Combined Application of Iron Fertilizer, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium on Iron Accumulation in Rice Grains[J]. 农业科学, 2021, 11(11): 1022-1027. https://doi.org/10.12677/HJAS.2021.1111138