生物多样性是自然生态系统健康和重要性的主要表现形式,干扰是物种多样性发生变化的重要影响因子,干扰与干扰下物种多样性的变化一起形成了动态的生态系统。干扰后森林植被的有效资源空间发生异质,进而影响森林植被物种多样性。本文着重就干扰对森林植被物种多样性的研究进行了综述,分析了植被受干扰后多样性、资源有效利用方面的差异和改变,进而探讨植被物种多样性对干扰的响应机制。
Biodiversity is the main manifestation of the health and importance of natural ecosystems. Disturbance is an important factor affecting the change of species diversity. Disturbance and the change of species diversity under disturbance form a dynamic ecosystem. The spatial heterogeneity of effective resources of forest vegetation after disturbance affects the species diversity of forest vegetation. This paper focuses on the research of disturbance on forest vegetation species diversity, analyzes the differences and changes of vegetation diversity and effective utilization of resources after disturbance, and then discusses the influence mechanism of vegetation species diversity on disturbance.
干扰,生态异质性,资源竞争与有效利用,植物物种多样性, Disturbance Ecological Heterogeneity Resource Competition and Effective Utilization Plant Species Diversity摘要
Biodiversity is the main manifestation of the health and importance of natural ecosystems. Disturbance is an important factor affecting the change of species diversity. Disturbance and the change of species diversity under disturbance form a dynamic ecosystem. The spatial heterogeneity of effective resources of forest vegetation after disturbance affects the species diversity of forest vegetation. This paper focuses on the research of disturbance on forest vegetation species diversity, analyzes the differences and changes of vegetation diversity and effective utilization of resources after disturbance, and then discusses the influence mechanism of vegetation species diversity on disturbance.
Keywords:Disturbance, Ecological Heterogeneity, Resource Competition and Effective Utilization, Plant Species Diversity
李雄越,邢亚娟. 干扰对森林植物物种多样性的影响研究进展The Effects of Disturbance on Forest Plant Species Diversity: A Review[J]. 世界生态学, 2021, 10(04): 642-654. https://doi.org/10.12677/IJE.2021.104073
参考文献References姜萍, 于德永, 董百丽, 叶吉, 闫晓旺, 吴钢. 露水河林业局森林资源类型与结构变化[J]. 生态学杂志, 2007, 26(5): 634-638.徐静. 浅谈林业发展对生态环境保护的作用[J]. 资源节约与环保, 2018(11): 16+20.马克平. 生物群落多样性的测度方法Iα多样性的测度方法(上) [J]. 生物多样性, 1994, 2(3): 162-168.张全国, 张大勇. 生物多样性与生态系统功能: 进展与争论[J]. 生物多样性, 2002, 10(1): 49-60.朱教君, 刘足根. 森林干扰生态研究[J]. 应用生态学报, 2004, 15(10): 1703-1710.董智, 刘霞, 姚孝友, 高鹏, 王延平, 李红丽, 张光灿. 不同生态退化类型的水土保持生态修复对策[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2008, 6(5): 84-88.安树青, 王峥峰, 朱学雷, 洪必恭, 赵儒林. 土壤因子对次生森林群落物种多样性的影响[J]. 武汉植物学研究, 1997, 15(2): 143-150.牛书丽, 陈卫楠. 全球变化与生态系统研究现状与展望[J]. 植物生态学报, 2020, 44(5): 449-460.Lu, Y.L., Yang, Y.F., Sun, B., Yuan, J.J., Yu, M.Z., et al. (2020) Spatial Variation in Biodiversity Loss across China under Multiple Environmental Stressors. Science Advances, 6, eabd0952. <br>https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd0952Pausas, J.G. and Ribeiro, E. (2017) Fire and Plant Diversity at the Global Scale. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 26, 889-897. <br>https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12596魏斌, 张霞, 吴热风. 生态学中的干扰理论与应用实例[J]. 生态学杂志, 1996(6): 51-55.包维楷, 刘照光. 岷江上游大沟流域驱动植被退化的人为干扰体研究[J]. 应用与环境生物学报, 1999, 5(3): 2-8.宋永昌. 植被生态学[M]. 上海: 华东师范大学出版社, 2001: 20-21.Vázquez, A. and Moreno, J.M. (2001) Spatial Distribution of Forest Fires in Sierra de Gredos (Central Spain). Forest Ecology & Management, 147, 55-65. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00436-9Johnston, J.D., et al. (2016) Influence of Fire Disturbance and Biophysical Heterogeneity on Pre-Settlement Ponderosa Pine and Mixed Conifer Forests. Ecosphere, 7, e01581. <br>https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1581黄建辉. 物种多样性的空间格局及其形成机制初探[J]. 生物多样性, 1994, 2(2): 103-107.齐清, 刘晓伟, 佟守正, 张冬杰, 王雪宏, 薛振山, 安雨. 苔草草丘恢复湿地的景观格局变化——以哈尔滨太阳岛为例[J]. 生态学报, 2019, 39(14): 5261-5267.Pereira, J., Oliveira-Filho, A.T. and Lemos-Filho, J.P. (2007) Environmental Heterogeneity and Disturbance by Humans Control Much of the Tree Species Diversity of Atlantic Montane Forest Fragments in SE Brazil. Biodiversity & Conservation, 16, 1761-1784. <br>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9063-4Williams, S.E., Marsh, H. and Winter, J. (2002) Spatial Scale, Species Diversity, and Habitat Structure: Small Mammals in Australian Tropical Rain Forest. Ecology, 83, 1317-1329.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1317:SSSDAH]2.0.CO;2许金石, 柴永福, 刘晓, 岳明, 郭垚鑫, 康慕谊, 刘全儒, 郑成洋, 吉成均, 闫明, 张峰, 高贤明, 王仁卿, 石福臣, 张钦弟, 王茂. 华北区域环境梯度上阔叶林构建模式及分布成因[J]. 植物生态学报, 2019, 43(9): 732-741.Forman, R. and Godron, M. (1986) Landscape Ecology. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41, 179.Turner, M.G. (1989) Landscape Ecology: The Effect of Pattern on Process. Annual Review of Ecology & Systematics, 20, 171-197. <br>https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.20.110189.001131Karr, J.R. and Freemark, K.E. (1985) Disturbance and Vertebrates: An Integrative Perspective. Elsevier Inc., Amsterdam. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-554520-4.50014-9Kim, D.H., Cho, W.S. and Chon, T.S. (2013) Self-Organizing Map and Species Abundance Distribution of Stream Benthic Macroinvertebrates in Revealing Com-munity Patterns in Different Seasons. Ecological Informatics, 17, 14-29.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2013.06.006Nilsson, S.G., Bengtsson, J. and As, S. (1988) Habitat Diversity or Area per Se? Species Richness of Woody Plants, Carabid Beetles and Land Snails on Islands. Journal of Animal Ecology, 57, 685-704. <br>https://doi.org/10.2307/4933Allouche, O., Kalyuzhny, M., Moreno-Rueda, G., Pizarro, M. and Kadmon, R. (2012) Area-Heterogeneity Tradeoff and the Diversity of Ecological Communities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, 17495-17500. <br>https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1208652109汪耀平. 大尺度物种多度分布模式和环境异质性对不同构建机制下局域群落结构影响的研究[D]: [硕士学位论文]. 兰州: 兰州大学, 2019.侯向阳, 韩进轩. 长白山西坡风灾干扰区的恢复和保护[J]. 自然资源学报, 1997, 12(1): 29-34.Canham, C.D. (1985) The Response of Woody Plants to Disturbance: Patterns of Establishment and Growth. In: Pickett, S.T.A. and White, P.S., Eds., Ecology of Natural Disturbance & Patch Dynamics, Academic Press, Orlando, 197-216. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-554520-4.50016-2Wehenkel, C., et al. (2014) Quantifying Differences between Ecosystems with Particular Reference to Selection Forests in Durango/Mexico. Forest Ecology and Manage-ment, 316, 117-124.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.05.056郑忠明, 宋广莹, 周志翔, 韩筱婕, 滕明君, 李智琦. 基于植物多样性特征的武汉市城市湖泊湿地植被分类保护和恢复[J]. 生态学报, 2010, 30(24): 7045-7054.陈利顶, 傅伯杰. 干扰的类型、特征及其生态学意义[J]. 生态学报, 2000, 1(4): 581-586.刘润红, 涂洪润, 李娇凤, 梁士楚, 姜勇, 荣春艳, 李月娟. 桂林岩溶石山青冈群落数量分类与排序[J]. 生态学报, 2019, 39(22): 8595-8605.Macarthur, R. and Levins, R. (1967) The Limiting Similarity, Convergence, and Divergence of Coex-isting Species. The American Naturalist, 101, 377-385. <br>https://doi.org/10.1086/282505王玉涛, 侯广维, 冯元普. 川西高山松林火烧迹地植被天然恢复过程中物种多样性动态[J]. 四川林业科技, 2005, 26(2): 12-19.Mack, R.N., Simberloff, D., Lonsdale, W.M., et al. (2000) Biotic Invasions: Causes, Epidemiology, Global Consequences, and Control. Ecological Applications, 10, 689-710.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0689:BICEGC]2.0.CO;2高瑞平, Chap., D.M. 澳大利亚森林火灾的管理与火生态的研究[J]. 应用生态学报, 1994(4): 409-414.周晓峰. 中国森林与生态环境[M]. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 1999: 232-233.周瑾婷. 华东黄山山脉、天目山脉植物多样性及群落特征研究[D]: [硕士学位论文]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2019.Finnegan, J., et al. (2012) Nutrient Dynamics in a Peatland Forest Riparian Buffer Zone and Implications for the Establishment of Planted Saplings. Ecological Engineering, 47, 155. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.06.023左小安, 赵学勇, 张铜会, 等. 中国北方农牧交错带植被动态研究进展[J]. 水土保持究, 2005, 12(1): 162-166.刘昊奇. 探索隐藏在物种灭绝背后的因素从物种特征、群落物种丰富度和生境丧失视角看[D]: [博士学位论文]. 乌鲁木齐: 新疆大学, 2019.唐政, 单秀娟, 关丽莎, 金显仕, 胡芷君, 韩青鹏. 基于不同空间插值法的黄海和东海北部游泳动物多样性空间分布研究[J]. 渔业科学进展, 2020, 41(6): 1-11.Connell, J.H. (1989) Some Processes Affecting the Species Composition in Forest Gaps. Ecology, 70, 560-562.
<br>https://doi.org/10.2307/1940205Denslow, J.S. (1985) Disturbance-Mediated Coexistence of Species. Else-vier, Amsterdam.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-050495-7.50022-3Sipe, T.W., Bazzaz, F.A., et al. (1994) Gap Partitioning among Maples (Acer) in Central New England: Shoot Architecture and Photosynthesis. Ecology, 75, 2318-2332. <br>https://doi.org/10.2307/1940887Denslow, J. (1995) Disturbance and Diversity in Tropical Rain Forests: The Density Effect. Ecological Applications, 5, 962-968. <br>https://doi.org/10.2307/2269347Ayala, F.J. and Campbell, C.A. (1974) Frequency Dependent Selection. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 5, 115-138. <br>https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.000555Bormann, F.H. and Likens, G.E. (1979) Catastrophic Disturbance and the Steady State in Northern Hardwood Forests: A New Look at the Role of Disturbance in the Development of Forest Ecosystems Suggests Important Implications for Land-Use Policies. American Scientist, 67, 660-669.Canham, C.D. and Marks, P.L. (1985) The Response of Woody Plants to Disturbance: Patterns of Establishment and Growth. Elsevier, Amsterdam. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-554520-4.50016-2Putz, F.E., Coley, P.D., Lu, K., et al. (1983) Uprooting and Snapping of Trees: Structural Determinants and Ecological Consequences. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 13, 1011-1020. <br>https://doi.org/10.1139/x83-133刘艳红, 赵惠勋. 干扰与物种多样性维持理论研究进展[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 2000, 22(4): 101-105.Pickett, S.T.A. and White, P.S. (1985) Patch Dynamics: A Synthesis. In: Pickett, S.T.A. and White, P.S., Eds., The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics, Academic Press, London, 371-384.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-554520-4.50026-5Bazzaz, F.A. (1983) Characteristics of Populations Irrelation to Disturbance in Natural and Man-Modified Ecosystems. In: Mooney, H.A. and Godron, M., Eds., Disturbance and Ecosystems: Components of Change, Springer, Berlin, 259-275.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69137-9_17张泽浦, 方精云, 菅诚. 邻体竞争对植物个体生长速率和死亡概率的影响: 基于日本落叶松种群试验的研究[J]. 植物生态学报, 2000, 24(3): 340-345.Rosenzweig, M.L. (1971) Paradox of Enrichment: Destabilization of Exploitation Ecosystems in Ecological Time. Science, 171, 385-387. <br>https://doi.org/10.1126/science.171.3969.385Kneitel, J.M. and Lessin, C.L. (2010) Ecosystem-Phase Interactions: Aquatic Eutrophication Decreases Terrestrial Plant Diversity in California Vernal Pools. Oecologia, 163, 461-469. <br>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-009-1529-0Whigham, D. and Verhoeven, J.T. (2009) Wetlands of the World: The Next Installment. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 17, 167-167. <br>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-009-9133-y王铭, 李兴丽, 董彦民, 王升忠, 刘波, 姜明, 王国栋. 长白山区苔草泥炭沼泽植物物种多样性[J]. 应用生态学报, 2021, 32(6): 2138-2146.李瑞. 植被动态研究进展及展望[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2012, 10(2): 115-120.毛志宏, 朱教君. 干扰对植物群落物种组成及多样性的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2006(8): 2695-2701.Grubb, P.J. (1977) The Maintenance of Species-Richness in Plant Communities: The Importance of the Regeneration Niche. Biological Review, 52, 107-145. <br>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1977.tb01347.xHuston, M. (1979) A General Hypothesis o f Species Diversity. The American Naturalist, 113, 81-101.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1086/283366Rabinowitz, D. and Rapp, J.K. (1985) Colonization and Establishment of Missouri Prairie Plants on Artificial Soil Disturbances. II. Detecting Small-Scale Plant-to-Plant Interactions and Separating Disturbance from Resource Provision. American Journal of Botany, 72, 1629-1634. <br>https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1985.tb08427.xVandermeer, J.H. (1970) The Community Matrix and the Number of Species in a Community. The American Naturalist, 104, 73-83. <br>https://doi.org/10.1086/282641李世茂. 两种入侵火蚁,黑头酸臭蚁间的干扰竞争机制[D]: [硕士学位论文]. 广州: 华南农业大学, 2010.缪世利. 植物生理生态学研究进展[M]//刘建国. 当代生态学博论. 北京: 中国科学技术出版社, 1992: 103-119.张大勇. 植物群落的构成与资源竞争理论[M]//中国生态学会. 生态学研究进展. 北京: 中国科学技术出版社, 1991: 231-232.邬建国. 生态演替理论与模型[M]//刘建国. 当代生态学博论. 北京: 中国科学技术出版社, 1992: 49-64.Tilman, D. (1988) Plant Strategies and the Dynamics and Structure of Plant Communities. Princeton University Press, Princeton.Hassell, M.P. and Tilman, D. (1984) Resource Competition and Community Structure. Journal of Animal Ecology, 53, 697. <br>https://doi.org/10.2307/4549Hanes, T.L. (1971) Succession after Fire in the Chaparral of Southern California. Ecological Monographs, 41, 27-52.
<br>https://doi.org/10.2307/1942434Grogan, P. and Iii, T. (2000) Fire Effects on Ecosystem Nitrogen Cycling in a Californian Bishop Pine Forest. Oecologia, 122, 537-544. <br>https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050977孔繁花, 李秀珍, 王绪高, 等. 林火迹地森林恢复研究进展[J]. 生态学杂志, 2003, 22(2): 60-64.Von Gadow, K. (2012) Setting Goals in Forest Management. South African Forestry Journal, 106, 2-9.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1080/20702620.1978.10433487赫晓慧, 郑东东, 郭恒亮, 马国军. 郑州黄河湿地自然保护区植物物种多样性对人类活动的响应[J]. 湿地科学, 2014, 12(4): 459-463.郝建锋, 王德艺, 李艳, 姚小兰, 张逸博, 詹美春, 齐锦秋. 人为干扰对川西金凤山楠木次生林群落结构和物种多样性的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2014, 34(23): 6930-6942.Zhou, L., Shangguan, T., Guo, D., et al. (2012) Response of Species Diversity in Caragana korshinskii Communities to Climate Factors and Grazing Disturbance in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 32, 111-122. <br>https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201011101616吴甘霖, 黄敏毅, 段仁燕, 赵凯. 不同强度旅游干扰对黄山松群落物种多样性的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2006, 26(12): 3924-3930.林建勇, 唐复呈, 何应明, 李娟, 梁瑞龙. 人为干扰对闽楠群落结构及物种多样性的影响[J]. 西部林业科学, 2019, 48(4): 72-78.吴安驰, 邓湘雯, 任小丽, 项文化, 张黎, 葛蓉, 牛忠恩, 何洪林, 何立杰. 中国典型森林生态系统乔木层群落物种多样性的空间分布格局及其影响因素[J]. 生态学报, 2018, 38(21): 7727-7738.郭利平, 姬兰柱, 张伟东, 张悦, 薛俊刚. 长白山西坡风灾区森林恢复状况[J]. 应用生态学报, 2010, 21(6): 1381-1388.赵雨虹, 罗菊春, 李俊清. 松山自然保护区蒙古栎群落对不同干扰程度的响应[C]//中国科学技术协会、云南省人民政府. 第十六届中国科协年会——分11森林培育技术创新与特色资源产业发展学术研讨会论文集, 2014: 5.宗秀虹, 张华雨, 王鑫, 李宗峰, 吴洪英, 梁盛, 邓洪平. 赤水桫椤国家级自然保护区桫椤群落特征及物种多样性研究[J]. 西北植物学报, 2016, 36(6): 1225-1232.赵清贺, 马丽娇, 刘倩, 丁圣彦, 汤茜, 卢训令. 黄河中下游典型河岸带植物物种多样性及其对环境的响应[J]. 生态学杂志, 2015, 34(5): 1325-1331.梁文斌, 谢碧霞, 巫涛, 王森, 夏湘林. 南岳栓皮栎群落特征及多样性分析[J]. 中南林业科技大学学报, 2011, 31(9): 55-59.罗菊春, 王庆锁, 牟长城, 王襄平. 干扰对天然红松林植物多样性的影响[J]. 林业科学, 1997, 33(6): 498-503.Hammond, M.E., et al. (2021) The Composition and Diversity of Natural Regeneration of Tree Species in Gaps under Different Intensities of Forest Disturbance. Journal of Forestry Research, 32, 1843-1853.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-020-01269-6Dumbrell, A.J., Clark, E.J., Frost, G.A., Randell, T.E., Pitchford, J.W. and Hill, J.K. (2008) Changes in Species Diversity Following Habitat Disturbance Are Dependent on Spatial Scale: Theoretical and Empirical Evidence. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45, 1531-1539. <br>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01533.x马万里, 罗菊春, 荆涛, Joni Kujansuu. 采伐干扰对长白山核桃楸林生物多样性的影响研究[J]. 植物研究, 2007, 27(1): 119-124.任立忠, 罗菊春, 李新彬. 抚育采伐对山杨次生林植物多样性影响的研究[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 2000, 22(4): 14-17.尹利伟, 郭辉军, 盛才余, 刀志灵, 李嵘. 人为干扰对高黎贡山社区森林树种多样性的影响[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2005, 13(1): 48-50.He, T., Lamont, B.B. and Pausas, J.G. (2019) Fire as a Key Driver of Earth’s Biodiversity. Biological Reviews, 94, 1983-2010. <br>https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12544Peltzer, D.A., Bast, M.L., Wilson, S.D. and Gerry, A.K. (2000) Plant Diversity and Tree Responses Following Contrasting Disturbances in Boreal Forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 127, 191-203.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00130-9赵俊. 大兴安岭火烧迹地森林自然恢复过程的研究[D]: [硕士学位论文]. 哈尔滨: 东北林业大学, 2009.李威, 周梅, 赵鹏武, 田金龙, 王梓璇, 赵威, 高岩. 大兴安岭东麓火烧迹地恢复初期植被特征[J]. 东北林业大学学报, 2020, 48(1): 51-55.陈维奇. 不同火烧强度对黑松林土壤及植被组成的影响[D]: [硕士学位论文]. 北京: 北京林业大学, 2016.朱学灵, 刘晓静, 崔向慧, 吴明作, 叶永忠. 宝天曼自然保护区栎类林群落不同火烧演替序列物种多样性特征[J]. 林业科学, 2012, 48(8): 31-38.王梓璇, 周梅, 赵鹏武, 王鼎, 杨磊, 丁兆华. 不同火烧木管理方式火烧迹地林下物种多样性及地上生物量研究——以寒温带兴安落叶松林为例[J]. 林业资源管理, 2018(4): 28-33.陈小雪, 李红丽, 董智, 王强, 陈鹏, 李锡杰. 不同火烧强度迹地林下灌草层物种多样性及其与土壤因子的关系[J]. 西北植物学报, 2020, 40(1): 130-140.王鼎, 周梅, 赵鹏武, 王梓璇, 冯倩倩, 葛鹏, 张波, 舒洋. 不同林型兴安落叶松林火烧迹地物种组成及多样性研究[J]. 西北植物学报, 2017, 37(4): 767-772.王玉涛, 侯广维, 马钦彦, 康峰峰, 冯元普. 川西高山松林火烧迹地植被天然恢复过程中物种多样性动态研究[J]. 江西农业大学学报, 2005, 27(2): 181-186.王苏铭, 张楠, 于琳倩, 赵容慧, 郝鹏, 李景文, 姜英淑, 沙海峰, 刘义, 张志翔. 北京地区外来入侵植物分布特征及其影响因素[J]. 生态学报, 2012, 32(15): 4618-4629.修晨, 郑华, 欧阳志云. 不同类型人类活动干扰对河岸带外来植物群落的影响——以北京永定河为例[J]. 生态学报, 2016, 36(15): 4689-4698.Ning, Z.H., Xie, T., Liu, Z.Z., Bai, J.H. and Cui, B.S. (2019) Native Herbivores Enhance the Resistance of an Anthropogenically Disturbed Salt Marsh to Spartina alterniflora Invasion. Ecosphere, 10, e02565.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2565白尚斌, 周国模, 王懿祥, 梁倩倩, 陈娟, 程艳艳, 沈蕊. 天目山保护区森林群落植物多样性对毛竹入侵的响应及动态变化[J]. 生物多样性, 2013, 21(3): 288-295.Leps, J. (2004) Variability in Population and Community Biomass in a Grassland Community Affected by Environmental Productivity and Diversity. Oikos, 107, 64-71. <br>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13023.xMichaels, J., Batzer, E., Harrison, S., et al. (2021) Grazing Affects Vegetation Diversity and Heterogeneity in California Vernal Pools. Ecology, 102, e03295. <br>https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3295陈芙蓉, 程积民, 刘伟, 朱仁斌, 杨晓梅, 赵新宇, 苏纪帅. 不同干扰对黄土区典型草原物种多样性和生物量的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2013, 33(9): 2856-2866.Lu, Q.B., You, W.Y., Zhao, C.J., et al. (2011) Effects of Tourism Disturbance on Plant Diversity in Qingshan Lake Scenic Area of Zhejiang Province. The Journal of Applied Ecology, 22, 295-302.