区块链智能合约在我国是起步阶段,对于智能合约实践应用也会出现许多问题且得不到重视,智能合约风险的法律规制对于数字网络化时代具有迫切意义,究其智能合约本质而言最应当重视合约的规制以及根据我国运用智能合约多数为商事群体的现实意义,即应加以研究我国《民法典》合同编对其商事制约关系,以点及面引申智能合约风险纾解的把控和法律构解的完善。我国法律制度并没有考虑到区块链智能合约的法律设计,没有落实其在社会生活的方方面面,本文主要研究在当今我国主要表现于民商事活动的区块链智能合约,研究智能合约与债权合同制度的关联性。智能合约具有合同性质,且与我国《民法典》合同编既具有独立性又具相关性,智能合同在当事人意思表示、合同变更解除等方面都存在与现行合同制度有相关内容,但也有相矛盾的地方,要想将智能合约纳入合同编进行调整,需要考虑到区块链智能合同的特殊性和与合同相关制度的共性。 Blockchain smart contracts are in their infancy in my country, and there will be many problems in the practical application of smart contracts, which have not been paid attention to. The legal regulation of smart contract risks is of urgent significance for the digital network era. The essence of smart contracts is the most important. We should pay attention to the regulation of contracts and the practical significance of the use of smart contracts in most commercial groups in China; that is, we should study the relationship between my country’s “Civil Code” contract compilation and its commercial constraints, and to point out the control and risk mitigation of smart contracts. Our country’s legal system does not take into account the legal design of blockchain smart contracts, and does not implement them in all aspects of social life. This paper mainly studies the blockchain smart contracts that are mainly used in civil and commercial activities in my country today, and studies the correlation between smart contracts and the creditor’s rights contract system. However, smart contracts are related to ordinary contracts, and smart contracts are independent from the contract compilation of my country’s Civil Code. It is also relevant. Both smart contracts and ordinary contracts are related to the current contract system in terms of expression of intent, contract validity, defense rights, and contract performance, modification cancellation, breach of contract relief, etc., but there are also contradictions. In order to incorporate smart contracts into contracts for adjustment, it is necessary to take into account the particularity of blockchain smart contracts and the commonalities with contract-related systems.
区块链智能合约在我国是起步阶段,对于智能合约实践应用也会出现许多问题且得不到重视,智能合约风险的法律规制对于数字网络化时代具有迫切意义,究其智能合约本质而言最应当重视合约的规制以及根据我国运用智能合约多数为商事群体的现实意义,即应加以研究我国《民法典》合同编对其商事制约关系,以点及面引申智能合约风险纾解的把控和法律构解的完善。我国法律制度并没有考虑到区块链智能合约的法律设计,没有落实其在社会生活的方方面面,本文主要研究在当今我国主要表现于民商事活动的区块链智能合约,研究智能合约与债权合同制度的关联性。智能合约具有合同性质,且与我国《民法典》合同编既具有独立性又具相关性,智能合同在当事人意思表示、合同变更解除等方面都存在与现行合同制度有相关内容,但也有相矛盾的地方,要想将智能合约纳入合同编进行调整,需要考虑到区块链智能合同的特殊性和与合同相关制度的共性。
区块链,智能合约,民法典,合同制度,关联性
—Taking the Contract Compilation of China’s Civil Code as an Example
Yixin Cheng
Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, DUFE, Dalian Liaoning
Received: Jun. 14th, 2022; accepted: Jul. 21st, 2022; published: Jul. 28th, 2022
Blockchain smart contracts are in their infancy in my country, and there will be many problems in the practical application of smart contracts, which have not been paid attention to. The legal regulation of smart contract risks is of urgent significance for the digital network era. The essence of smart contracts is the most important. We should pay attention to the regulation of contracts and the practical significance of the use of smart contracts in most commercial groups in China; that is, we should study the relationship between my country’s “Civil Code” contract compilation and its commercial constraints, and to point out the control and risk mitigation of smart contracts. Our country’s legal system does not take into account the legal design of blockchain smart contracts, and does not implement them in all aspects of social life. This paper mainly studies the blockchain smart contracts that are mainly used in civil and commercial activities in my country today, and studies the correlation between smart contracts and the creditor’s rights contract system. However, smart contracts are related to ordinary contracts, and smart contracts are independent from the contract compilation of my country’s Civil Code. It is also relevant. Both smart contracts and ordinary contracts are related to the current contract system in terms of expression of intent, contract validity, defense rights, and contract performance, modification cancellation, breach of contract relief, etc., but there are also contradictions. In order to incorporate smart contracts into contracts for adjustment, it is necessary to take into account the particularity of blockchain smart contracts and the commonalities with contract-related systems.
Keywords:Blockchain, Smart Contracts, Civil Code, Contract System, Relevance
Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.
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区块链智能合约(Blockchain Smart Contract)的出现标志着科学革命新旧范式的更替,掌握其发展规律,才能对当代我国《民法典》合同编内容及形式起到发展、完善的作用。区块链(Blockchain)一般运用于计算机系统当中,是算法相对复杂,保密性较强且具有针对性的新型计算机应用技术,是通过分布式数据存储、点对点传输、共识机制(区块链系统中实现不同节点之间建立信任、获取权益的数学算法 [
当今世界在全球化这种复合秩序下,将国家的边界、范畴、秩序、观念和演变都进行复合化、边界模糊化。区块链智能合约的无国界特点对于先前交易审查具有一定的局限性,针对国家地区限制追溯其来源具有复杂性。区块链目前也在往可视化系统方向完善,这个技术不仅仅是加密货币(cryptocurrency) 而且是不同于以前的软件、平台、信息储备及分布平台 [
通过掌握区块链智能合约的发展规律才能从中发现问题、解决问题,具体分析区块链智能合约与合同编的关系。区块链作为现代革命的新范式,自然是“P1→TT→EE→P2”(Problem1→tentative theory→error elimination→Problem2)的科学发展过程。纵观当今社会对区块链智能合约发展的映射,区块链智能合约的发展是从一个环节到一个体系,再有一个体系落实到新的环节中,而不同的环节其实为从不停地发现区块链智能合同的问题,到提出相关假说再到解决问题的一个结果。区块链本是援引国外的概念,是原本应用于比特币的重要概念,同时是作为比特币的底层技术,但在我国比特币为禁止。随着金融行业的不断发展,例如汇款公司的出现,国外的再生币(ITGC, Information Technology General regeneration Currency)、再生钱包(Recycled wallet,该概念是本人英译,类似于中国e钱包这种理财产品,但国外这个概念较为广泛,例如可以用于环保公益活动通过回收旧电子设备换取货币资助困难人群。)同样日新月异,区块链不断从比特币交易中剥离出来,区块链技术的应用在我国证券交易等领域以及公益组织起到了积极的作用。区块链的本质是一个存储交易相关信息的数据库,并通过密码设置、算法设置呈现多个相关数据库进行分化信息内容,最后用于验证相关信息或者是提供的有效信息防伪码进行存储或查取数据,之后生成新一个区块。区块链的核心是去中心化,其为必要的公众化、公开化的数据库,在这个数据库可以存储或转化评估有形资产(Tangible assets)和无形资产(Intangible assets)。
2019年以来,区块链技术已作为国家战略技术,多个地区先后建立了区块链产业园区,对其的法律规制非常迫切,对于我国区块链相关法律设计(legal design)应当根据区块链的特征进行分析设计。一个新事物的发展一定是朝向常规化、革命化、群体化方向发展,区块链智能合约的产生、发展、完备是必然经历不断修改,区块链智能合约在我国是起步阶段,对于智能合约实践应用也会出现许多问题且得不到重视,智能合约风险的法律规制对于数字网络化时代具有迫切意义,究其智能合约本质而言最应当重视合约的规制以及根据我国运用智能合约多数为商事群体的现实意义,即应加以研究我国《民法典》合同编对其商事制约关系,以点及面引申智能合约风险纾解的把控和法律构解的完善。目前我国的区块链发展主要以联盟链为主,主体为银行、保险、证券、商业协会等,对转移转让股份所有权、不动产所有权、知识产权等都具有高保密性、可追溯性,则智能合约会对各个商事主体起到连接、联系作用,提高这些主体的交易的安全性和高效性。
二者的关联性为智能合约为我国合同制度该组织体系的要素,智能合约这一新事物在我国合同制度中既具独立性,又具相关性,而具各要素和体系之间同样存在这种“相互关联或相互作用”的关系。智能合约在我国定性就为“合同”,民商相关智能合约应视为我国债权合同制度体系规制之下,我国债权合同制度的框架表现于我国《民法典》合同编。区块链智能合约作为新兴发展事物,当前的合同法并不能完全适用,其中存在不少空白缺失、规则差异甚至矛盾。目前我国主要是以联盟链为代表,逐渐趋向成熟,但由于区块链智能合约的为我国引用及研发的新技术,所以法律规制并不健全,所以根据区块链智能合约的特征以及在市场运用中知悉的问题进行法律设计。
区块链合约的出现并不是和传统合同相悖,而是二者相互融合才是大势所趋,智能合约与传统合约是统一而非对立的关系,且二者呈现互相融合的趋势,传统合同法与智能合约的结合可以实现交易价值的最大化 [
在市场经济下,合同制度也不断进行创新,虽然合同表现当事人意志,智能合约也不例外,技术的不断发展不代表可以取代法律 [
像公益组织属于民法中的非营利组织,也会遭受一定风险,例如红十字会的郭美美事件众所周知,导致了很多人不再对公益组织进行捐款,公益组织的财务公开状况始终是一个难题。假如用到区块链技术,根据区块链的共识公开、可追溯、防篡改等功能,对红十字会的每笔费用都可以溯源,而且使用区块链浏览器,每个人都能看见资金的去向,这就起到了对公益组织的监督作用,也能增强公益组织的公信力。由此可知,在进行民商交易的时候,合约当事人应当体现民法公平原则、诚实守信原则,当今情形即使在某一合同法律关系中根据我国《民法典》为准据法,但同时由于法律没有对其完全规制,导致容易诱发行为人对法律的规避,钻法律的漏洞,而且区块链智能合约还牵扯匿名的问题,合约的幕后缔约者不明容易导致洗钱等违法行为。
智能合同的当事人是否有意建立法律关系同时也是一个较为棘手的问题。当事人可以通过签订“智能”合同,使得当事人有意使用智能合约的计算机算法替代监管体系,不以建立法律关系为意图,而是连接一方当事人与区块链平台的关系,不是像合同法规制当事人行为。但是如果结果确实是实质上与普通合同的情况相同,其核心关系的性质也是相同,则可以与普通合同规制管理方法相同,例如所有权的转移,转移特定资产。像智能合约这种纯电子性质不能像传统合同这样可以以书面形式或者口头形式进行订立。当然,即使是电子性质的商务合同仍然可能需要一些传统合同的模式,例如格式,智能合约的实现也是需要一个算法复杂的“纯电子表格”,是智能合约存在的必要条件。在智能合约中,代码就可视作对当事人的约束,计算机代码包含着当事人拟定合约条款,因此合同条款体现在计算机代码中符合了合同自由原则。
成一鑫. 区块链智能合约与我国法律关联性的研究——以我国《民法典》合同编为例 Research on the Relationship between Blockchain Smart Contracts and China’s Laws—Taking the Contract Compilation of China’s Civil Code as an Example[J]. 争议解决, 2022, 08(03): 431-435. https://doi.org/10.12677/DS.2022.83057